{"id":41406,"date":"2024-10-02T16:49:14","date_gmt":"2024-10-02T21:49:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=41406"},"modified":"2024-10-02T16:49:14","modified_gmt":"2024-10-02T21:49:14","slug":"megrel-laz-kulturunde-akrabalik-evlenme-ve-cenaze","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/megrel-laz-kulturunde-akrabalik-evlenme-ve-cenaze\/","title":{"rendered":"MEGREL-LAZ K\u00dcLT\u00dcR\u00dcNDE AKRABALIK, EVLENME VE CENAZE"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz<\/strong><\/p>\n

I.Akrabal\u0131k<\/b><\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 anne ve babadan olan \u00e7ocuklar hem do\u011frudan ve hem de bu anne ve babaya akraba olanlarla kan ba\u011f\u0131yla akrabad\u0131rlar. Megrellerdeki akrabal\u0131k kurumu, G\u00fcrc\u00fclerdeki gibi, bir tek tohumdan gelen ki\u015filer anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Burada kan ba\u011f\u0131 olanlar\u0131n hepsinin ortak bir k\u00f6k\u00fc vard\u0131r. Megrelce\u2019deki s\u00f6yleni\u015fiyle bu k\u00f6k, \u00fczerinden aile a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve dallar\u0131na\u00a0ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0\u10ef\u10d8\u10dc\u10ef\u10d8\u00a0\/ \u201ccinci\u201ddir.\u00a0Bir Megrele edilebilecek en insafs\u0131z\u00a0beddua\u00a0\u10e1\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u00a0\u10ef\u10d8\u10dc\u10ef\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u00a0\u10d2\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\/\u00a0skani jinjamo ge\u015falapeda\/ \u201ck\u00f6k\u00fcn kurusun\u201ddur. Sadece erke\u011fin k\u00f6k oldu\u011fu kabul edilir. B\u00fct\u00fcn akrabalar\u0131n, tohumundan geldikleri ki\u015fi ve ayn\u0131 k\u00f6k\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yanlarca payla\u015f\u0131lan soyad\u0131 \u00e7ok eski bir akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n belirtisi olarak kabul edilir. Gvari\/\u00a0\u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\/\u00a0soyad\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u201cayn\u0131, denk\u201d anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Mogvare\/\u00a0\u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4,\u00a0bir ikincisine benzeyen ayn\u0131 add\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 anne ve babadan olmu\u015f, ayn\u0131 soyad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yanlar iki tarafl\u0131 mocimalepe\/\u00a0\u10db\u10dd\u10ef\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\/\u00a0karde\u015ftirler ve onlar\u0131n olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 bu grup da, Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n dedi\u011fi gibi bir klan, sacimalo\/\u00a0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ef\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\/\u00a0karde\u015flik\u00a0olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u015e\u00fcphesiz, karde\u015fler aras\u0131nda di\u015fi cinsiyetten olanlar, di\u011fer karde\u015fler i\u00e7in k\u0131z karde\u015ftirler ve onlarla evlenilmez. Bu k\u0131z karde\u015fler, gelecekteki e\u015flerini farkl\u0131 soyad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan erkekler aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7melidirler. Yani; bu durumu evrensel olarak kabul edilen terminolojiyle a\u00e7\u0131klamak istersek, s\u0131k\u0131 kurallara ba\u011fl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f evliliktir. Erkeklerin, ayn\u0131 soyad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan akraba k\u0131zlarla evlenmeleri konusu, ak\u0131llar\u0131na bile gelmeyecek noktalardand\u0131r. Sadece farkl\u0131 soyad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan k\u0131zlarla evlenebilirler.<\/p>\n

Evlenme \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na girmi\u015f olan bir Megrel k\u0131z\u0131, farkl\u0131 bir soyad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir erkekle bulu\u015fmaktan \u00e7ekinir ve birbirlerine a\u015fklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak durumunda olduklar\u0131nda bile, onunla tek ba\u015f\u0131na konu\u015fmay\u0131 uygunsuz bir davran\u0131\u015f olarak de\u011ferlendirir. Evlenece\u011fi erkekle bir araya gelip konu\u015fmak isteyen k\u0131z, ancak kendi akrabas\u0131 bir k\u0131z\u0131n da bulunaca\u011f\u0131 ve konu\u015fmalara arac\u0131l\u0131k yapaca\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015febilir. Bu t\u00fcr g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede ba\u015fka soyad\u0131\u00a0ta\u015f\u0131yan erkek \u015fxva\u015fturi\/\u00a0\u10db\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10db\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\/\u00a0yabanc\u0131d\u0131r. Megrel k\u0131z\u0131, kendi k\u00f6y\u00fcnden bir ba\u015fka k\u00f6ye veya farkl\u0131 soyad\u0131\u00a0ta\u015f\u0131yanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir k\u00f6ye gitti\u011finde de ayn\u0131 d\u0131\u015f evlilik kurallar\u0131na uyar. Bu t\u00fcr durumlarda k\u0131za, erkek bir akrabas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan e\u015flik edilir. 10-12 ya\u015flar\u0131ndaki erkek \u00e7ocuk, k\u0131z\u0131 korumayla g\u00f6revlendirilir. Bir \u00e7ift, evlendiklerinde, her ikisinin geldi\u011fi aileler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 akraba olurlar.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Bu iki aile akraba olduklar\u0131ndan, Megrel t\u00f6resine g\u00f6re; bir kez daha bu iki aileden gen\u00e7ler e\u015f se\u00e7emezler, b\u00f6ylesi bir\u00a0d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce va \u015finers\/\u00a0\u10d5\u10d0\u00a0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\/\u00a0yasakt\u0131r. Evlilik\u00a0kan\u0131n kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 denk hale getirir. Akrabal\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturmada kad\u0131nla birlikte \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayan erkek, kad\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0akrabalar\u0131na sinca\/\u00a0\u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10ef\u10d0\/\u00a0evl\u00e2t, eni\u015ftedir. Kad\u0131n ise, erke\u011fin akrabalar\u0131na nosa\/\u00a0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\/\u00a0k\u0131z karde\u015f\u00a0\u00a0yengedir.<\/p>\n

Edinme akrabal\u0131\u011fa gelince; Megrel bir baba i\u00e7in en ideal hedef kendi kan\u0131ndan \u00e7ocuklara sahip olmakt\u0131r. Onun i\u00e7in, bu d\u00fcnyada ya\u015fam\u0131n temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131z \u00f6lmemektir. E\u011fer kaderi, ona bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine do\u011fal yoldan ula\u015fmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131mazsa, bu eksi\u011fi gidermek i\u00e7in evl\u00e2t edinme yoluna ba\u015fvurur.<\/p>\n

Bir Megrel sadece ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n erkek \u00e7ocu\u011funun evl\u00e2t edinmez. E\u011fer akrabalar\u0131ndan biri \u00f6l\u00fcrse onun yerine kom\u015fular\u0131ndan birini de akraba olarak edinebilir. B\u00f6ylelikle ailesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bo\u015flu\u011fu, edinme yoluyla doldurabilir. Bir erkek evl\u00e2t \u00f6len babas\u0131n\u0131n yerine yeni bir babay\u0131; bir k\u0131z karde\u015f yeni bir a\u011fabeyi; bir ye\u011fen yeni bir amcay\u0131 edinebilir.<\/p>\n

Megreller, genelde G\u00fcrc\u00fcler gibi, \u00e7ocuksuzlu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir talihsizlik, il\u00e2h\u00ee bir ceza olarak de\u011ferlendirirler. K\u0131z olsun, erkek olsun, \u00e7ocuk sahibi olamaman\u0131n \u00e7ocuksuzluk olarak de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fini belirtmemizin gerekli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Ancak erkek \u00e7ocuk sahibi olamamak da Megreller i\u00e7in \u00e7ocuksuzluk anlam\u0131na gelir. Bir Megrel, k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu sahibi olmay\u0131 \u00e7ocuksuzlu\u011fa denk bir durum olarak de\u011ferlendirir: K\u0131z \u00e7ocuk \u00e7izgiyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcremez. Erkeksiz bir evde ocaktaki ate\u015f s\u00f6ner\u2026<\/p>\n

Bir Megrel ailesinde kad\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir hakk\u0131 yoktur, kocas\u0131 onun g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc efendisi ve sahibidir. Ailede, erkek bir \u00e7ocuk do\u011fdu\u011funda, m\u00fcjdeci, sevin\u00e7li haberi ev d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kocaya ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Sevin\u00e7li baba m\u00fcjdeciye hediyeler verir; silahlar patlat\u0131l\u0131r, ailenin b\u00fct\u00fcn bireyleri sevinirler.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer taraftan, bir k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu d\u00fcnyaya geldi\u011finde durum hemen hemen sessizlikle kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r. Megrellerde, birtak\u0131m durumlar i\u00e7in baz\u0131 deyi\u015fler vard\u0131r: Herhangi bir i\u015fin olumlu geli\u015fiminden di\u011ferleri bilgilendirilmek istendi\u011finde, bo\u015fi re\/\u00a0\u10d1\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8\u00a0\u10e0\u10d4\/\u00a0\u201cerkektir\u201d denir. E\u011fer herhangi bir durumun olumsuzlu\u011fu kastedilmek isteniyorsa,\u00a0\u017e\u011fabi re\/\u00a0\u10eb\u10e6\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u00a0\u10e0\u10d4\/ \u201c kad\u0131nd\u0131r\u201d denir.<\/p>\n

Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kendisine olan cezas\u0131n\u0131 hafifletmek, k\u00f6t\u00fc talihten ka\u00e7\u0131nmak isteyen Megrel, kendi \u00e7ocu\u011fu gibi besleyip, b\u00fcy\u00fctmek i\u00e7in bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0\u00e7ocu\u011funu skualapa\/\u00a0\u10e1\u10e5\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\/\u00a0evl\u00e2t\u00a0edinmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece edinece\u011fi evl\u00e2t, kendisini ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda koruyacak, bakacak, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 savunacak, b\u00fct\u00fcn eziyetlerden ve fakirlikten etkilenmemesini sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra ocaktaki ate\u015f s\u00f6nmeyecek, ad\u0131 kaybolmayacak, ruhuyla ilgilenilecek, mezar\u0131na ziyaret\u00e7ileri i\u00e7in yiyecek getirecek birisi olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Evl\u00e2t edinme ancak, \u00e7ocuksuz kad\u0131na do\u011fum yapm\u0131\u015f izlenimini (d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ki\u015filere) veren bir gelenek yerine getirildi\u011fi zaman me\u015fru say\u0131l\u0131r. Kural olarak \u00e7ok fakir bir anne baban\u0131n veya yasak bir a\u015fk\u0131n meyvesi evl\u00e2t edinilir. Evl\u00e2t edinme t\u00f6reninden birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce, m\u00fcstakbel anne hamileli\u011finin son g\u00fcnlerindeymi\u015f gibi davran\u0131r. D\u0131\u015far\u0131dan birisine do\u011fum yapmak \u00fczereymi\u015f izlenimini uyand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in karn\u0131na bir yast\u0131k yerle\u015ftirir; yava\u015f hareket eder, hamileli\u011fin son devresindeki gibi inler ve nefes nefese solur. Kom\u015fu kad\u0131nlar m\u00fcstakbel anneye \u015fefkat ve ciddiyetle h\u00fcrmet g\u00f6sterirler ve yata\u011fa ne zaman girece\u011fini sorarlar. En sonunda bir lohusal\u0131k d\u00f6nemi bile olacakt\u0131r. Do\u011fum sanc\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7indeki kad\u0131n yata\u011fa girer ve do\u011fum s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki gibi inler. Ebe, ihtimamla yakla\u015f\u0131r, \u00f6\u011f\u00fctler verir ve yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u2026 Bu anda, daha \u00f6nce edinilen bebek, yast\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra sar\u0131larak yataktaki anneye\u00a0verilir. Buna skua\u015f mitorginapa\/\u00a0\u10e1\u10e5\u10e3\u10d0\u10e8\u00a0\u10db\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\/\u00a0\u00e7ocu\u011fu sarmalama denir. O s\u0131rada \u00e7ocuk a\u011flamaya ba\u015flar, herkes, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131\u00a0bir erkek evl\u00e2t sahibi olan anneyi kutlamaya ko\u015far. Do\u011fum yapan anne, birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn daha yatakta kal\u0131r. Kendisine, \u00f6zel olarak\u00a0haz\u0131rlanan\u00a0t\u0306ibu\/\u00a0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d1\u10e3\/\u00a0\u0131l\u0131k veya\u00a0hafif sebze, meyve veya et suyu \u015fap\u0131rdatarak i\u00e7mesi i\u00e7in verilir. Yeni anne ve baba, edindikleri \u00e7ocu\u011fu \u00f6z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ym\u0131\u015f gibi besleyip b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcrler. Kom\u015fular da durumu oldu\u011fu gibi kabullenirler.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Evlenme<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Megrelce\u2019de erke\u011fin evlenmesine \u00e7ili\u015f moqonapa\/\u00a0\u10e9\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u00a0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\/ \u201ce\u015f getirme\u201d denir. Evlilik t\u00f6reninde diara\/\u00a0\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u00a0denilen bir kutlama yer al\u0131r. (Diara\/\u00a0\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u00a0diarua\/\u00a0\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10d0\/ ziyafet\u00a0vermek fiilinden gelir). M\u00fcstakbel damat, gelin alma ve d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ziyafeti g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc belirler ve gelinin anne ve babas\u0131n\u0131 gelini ve \u00e7eyizini haz\u0131rlayabilmeleri i\u00e7in bilgilendirir.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Megrelya\u2019da d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnler, bir kural olarak, hasat gelirinin tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonbaharda yap\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u0131l\u0131n bu devresine\u00a0Megrelce\u2019de damor\u00e7ili\/\u00a0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10e9\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\/ \u201citaat etmi\u015f\u201d denir. Yani; do\u011fa\u00a0uysalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, bunun sonucunda da hasat m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur; topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyen ve ekenler yaz\u0131n me\u015fakkatini hasat ederler, sonbaharda Megrel k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ekonomik durumu daha iyidir. Bu durum d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnlerin bu zaman yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenidir. D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnler, kural olarak Noel\u2019den sonra, gelen Paskalyadan \u00f6nce de yap\u0131l\u0131r. Burada, Kilise\u2019nin Perhiz s\u0131ras\u0131nda evlilik t\u00f6renlerini yasaklayan etkisi kolayca g\u00f6zlenir. \u0130lkbahar ve yaz mevsimlerinde d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnler nadirdir, hasad\u0131n meyvesi hen\u00fcz yorucudur ve sonbahar\u0131n c\u00f6mertli\u011fi yoktur. Haftan\u0131n her g\u00fcn\u00fc, kutlamalar i\u00e7in uygun de\u011fildir. Bir Megrel, hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde Pazartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kutlamas\u0131 yapmaz. Bu g\u00fcne Megrelce\u2019de tuta\u015fxa\/\u00a0\u10d7\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10ee\u10d0\u00a0(tuta\u015f d\u011fa\/\u00a0\u10d7\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u00a0\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\/ tuta g\u00fcn\u00fc denir. Bu g\u00fcn Megrel, bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcne bile el s\u00fcrmez, bu g\u00fcn sadece tuta\/\u00a0\u10d7\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\/\u00a0aya ibadete ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Megrellerin Paganl\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerine ait inan\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re; ay, d\u00fcnyadaki canl\u0131lar\u0131 koruyan y\u00fcce g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda ikinci \u00f6nemli yeri tutar. G\u00fcne\u015fe ibadet i\u00e7in bir g\u00fcn ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bu g\u00fcn ise Pazar\u2019d\u0131r. Megrelce\u2019de pazar g\u00fcn\u00fcne\u00a0ca\u015fxa\/\u00a0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e8\u10ee\u10d0[ bca\u015f d\u011fa\/\u00a0\u10d1\u10ef\u10d0\u10e8\u00a0\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0]\/\u00a0g\u00fcne\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc denir. B\u00f6ylece Pazartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc aya ithaf edilmi\u015ftir<\/p>\n

    Her yeni ay dolay\u0131s\u0131yla veya Megrelce\u2019deki s\u00f6yleni\u015f anlam\u0131yla, \u201cay\u0131n seyahatinden d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle\u201d bir Megrel aya sayg\u0131 ve itaatini peki\u015ftirir. Yeni ay\u0131 kim g\u00f6r\u00fcrse di\u011ferlerine sevin\u00e7li haberi verir. Herkes k\u0131m\u0131ldamadan durur ve aya bakar, onu sel\u00e2mlar ve elleriyle \u00f6p\u00fcc\u00fckler g\u00f6nderir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 ona alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f paralar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131nlar\u0131ndan\u00a0\u00e7\u0131kartarak dua \u015feklinde \u201cTuta axali, \u011foront, si gamaxari!\u2026\/\u00a0\u10d7\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\u00a0\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8,\u00a0\u10e6\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d7,\u00a0\u10e1\u10d8\u00a0\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8!…\/ Ey yeni Ay, Tanr\u0131m, beni mutlu et!\u2026\u201d temennisinde bulunur. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 da ay\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tarak, ay\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131k sa\u00e7an par\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131yla\u00a0di\u015flerini korumas\u0131n\u0131, onlar\u0131n kararmamas\u0131n\u0131 diler. Pazartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc, bir Megrel hi\u00e7bir\u00a0\u015fey yapmaz;\u00a0kimseye hediye vermez ve ne borcunu \u00f6der, ne de \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 verir, elinden hi\u00e7bir \u015feyini \u00e7\u0131kartmaz. \u201cE\u011fer Pazartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc elimden bir \u015feyi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rsam kaderim ve \u015fans\u0131m gidecektir,\u201d diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Y\u0131kanmak ve t\u0131rnak kesmek bug\u00fcn kesinlikle yasakt\u0131r. Bir Megrel, ba\u015f\u0131na herhangi bir talihsizli\u011fin gelece\u011fi korkusuyla Pazartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc yola ad\u0131m atmaz, ama daha \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bir yolculu\u011fa devam edebilir. Bundan ba\u015fka, ne kadar deh\u015fetli bir susuzluk \u00e7ekerse \u00e7eksin, nehir kayna\u011f\u0131ndan su i\u00e7mez: bu g\u00fcnde Ay, nehirleri zehirli kurba\u011falarla doldurur ve bu nehirlerin sular\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcnde oru\u00e7 tutmayanlara ve seyahat edenlere murdar hale getirir. Megreller, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden \u00e7ok \u00f6nceleri Pazartesi g\u00fcnleri oru\u00e7 tutar ve et yemiyorlard\u0131. Megreller kendilerine ibadet nesnelerini hat\u0131rlatan isimlere \u00e7ok sevgi duyarlar. Megrel erkekleri s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u015fu isimlerle \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar: Ututia\/\u00a0\u10e3\u10d7\u10e3\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0, Tuta\u015fxia\/\u00a0\u10d7\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10ee\u10d8\u10d0.\u00a0Kad\u0131n ismi ise\u00a0\u10d7\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\/\u00a0Tuta\u2019d\u0131r. (Tuta\u015fd\u011fa\/\u00a0\u10d7\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0:\u00a0Ay g\u00fcn\u00fc),<\/p>\n

    Megrel gelene\u011fine g\u00f6re, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn va \u015finers\/\u00a0\u10d5\u10d0\u00a0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\/\u00a0uygun olmayan g\u00fcn\u00fc, haftan\u0131n ikinci g\u00fcn\u00fc olan obi\u015fxa [obi\u015f d\u011fa]\/\u00a0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e8\u10ee\u10d0\u00a0[\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e8\u00a0\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0]\/ \u201cCuma\u201dd\u0131r.\u00a0\u00a0(Obi \/\u00a0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\/\u00a0ya\u011fmur Tanr\u0131s\u0131). Antik zamanlarda bu g\u00fcn haftan\u0131n yedinci g\u00fcn\u00fcyd\u00fc ve Atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n, di\u011fer Tanr\u0131lardan daha fazla ibadet ettikleri Tanr\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir\u00a0tatildi. Bu Tanr\u0131, hasat ve bitkiler i\u00e7in genelde b\u00f6ylesi \u00f6nemli ve gerekli ya\u011fmuru g\u00f6nderendi.<\/p>\n

    D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce m\u00fcstakbel damat, akrabalar\u0131na d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ile ilgili bilgi verir. Di\u011ferlerine haber verme i\u015fini\u00a0maginapali\/\u00a0\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\/m\u00fcjdeci \u00fcstlenir ve yaya olarak\u00a0civarda ya\u015fayanlara bu haberi ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Uzakta ya\u015fayanlara ise at\u0131yla gider ve onlar\u0131n da d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kat\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 ister. Kural olarak d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne etkili insanlar\u0131 da davet ederler. Daha \u00e7ok misafir, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisini herkes \u00fczerinde hissettirir. Bu uygulama, ayn\u0131 soyad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yanlara daha fazla me\u015fruiyet kazan\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. B\u00f6ylece herkes, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ne\u015feli bir g\u00f6revi olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Davet edildi\u011fi halde gelmeyenlerin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 damada kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

    Bir Megrel, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar debdebe ve kutlamayla ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde en az 100-200 ki\u015fi bir araya gelir. Bu t\u00fcr durumlarda kom\u015fular, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde servis i\u00e7in g\u00f6rev \u00fcstlenirler, \u015f\u00fcphesiz bunun i\u00e7in \u00fccret talep edilmez. Kendilerini damat ailesinden biri y\u00f6nlendirir. Her \u015feyden\u00a0\u00f6nce \u015fepa\/\u00a0\u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d0\/\u00a0sepet\u00e7i s\u00f6\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcnden bir \u00e7ad\u0131r kurulur ve \u00fczeri samanla kaplan\u0131r. \u015eepa, mapa\/\u00a0\u10db\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\/\u00a0kral olarak\u00a0adland\u0131r\u0131lan damat i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan \u00f6zel bir yerdir. Mapa krald\u0131r; ordunun ba\u015f\u0131d\u0131r; di\u011ferleri aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 bir yeri olan ki\u015fidir; y\u00fcce g\u00fc\u00e7 bah\u015fedilendir. Buradan hareketle, gayet do\u011fal olarak, gelin de krali\u00e7e olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eepa\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7ine iki s\u0131ra birbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 masalar konur.\u00a0\u00a0\u015eepan\u0131n dip taraf\u0131nda kral taht\u0131na benzer bir y\u00fckseklik hemen g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar. Buras\u0131 \u201ckral\u201d ile \u201ckrali\u00e7e\u201dnin oturacaklar\u0131 yerdir. Avlu, mutfak olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r; g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131nda bir ate\u015f yak\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dczerine b\u00fcy\u00fck bak\u0131r d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kaplar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirilir. Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7lerinde d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn i\u00e7in kesilen bo\u011fa, koyun, domuz etleri pi\u015firilir. Burada m\u0131s\u0131r lapas\u0131 da pi\u015firilir. \u201cKral\u201d ilk olarak l\u00e2y\u0131k\u0131yla, kendisine e\u015flik edecek ve gelin getirmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak sa\u011fd\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131\u00a0se\u00e7er;\u00a0\u00a0maqare\/\u00a0\u10db\u10d0\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4, 10-15 gen\u00e7 erkekten olu\u015fan bir gruptur. Hepsi ba\u015ftan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u00a0silahl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ok eski zamanlarda sa\u011fd\u0131\u00e7lar, \u201ckral\u201d\u0131n farkl\u0131 bir soyad\u0131ndan bir k\u0131z\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rmas\u0131nda kendisine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmakla g\u00f6revlendirilirlerdi.<\/p>\n

    Bu t\u00fcr k\u0131z ka\u00e7\u0131rmalar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde sadece evlenilecek k\u0131z\u0131n kendisinin, anne ve babas\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 halinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Fakat sa\u011fd\u0131\u00e7lar, evlilik i\u00e7in k\u0131z taraf\u0131ndan bir sorun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan da, her iki taraf\u0131n bilgisi d\u00e2hilinde, kas\u0131tl\u0131 bir g\u00f6steri\u015f sergilerler. K\u0131z\u0131 zorla ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131yorlarm\u0131\u015f gibi, hareket ederler. E\u011fer k\u0131z, ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yormu\u015f gibi evinden al\u0131nmazsa, Megrel\u2019in g\u00f6z\u00fcnde kurallara uygun bir tutum sergilenmi\u015f olmaz.<\/p>\n

    Genelde d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kutlamas\u0131 bir gece devam eder ancak ertesi g\u00fcne de sarkabilir. Bu, damad\u0131n ekonomik durumuna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Kutlaman\u0131n sonunu beklemeden, b\u00fct\u00fcn kadehler i\u00e7ildi\u011finde, yeni evlilere \u201cdinlenin\u201d denir. Onlar\u0131 ilk gece i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f yerde yat\u0131r\u0131rlar. Bu yere\u00a0amkhara\/\u00a0\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u00a0denir. Amkharaya, gelin ve damattan ba\u015fka kimsenin girmesine izin verilmez. Gelinin nedimesi ve di\u011fer kad\u0131nlar gelinle ilgilenme ihtiyac\u0131 hissederler. Bir yolunu bulup onu amkharaya girmesi i\u00e7in ikna etmeye\u00a0\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Kendisine s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sorular soruldu\u011fu do\u011frudur ama kendisi cesaretle ve utanmadan uygun cevaplar verir. Herkes sevinerek hem geline ve hem de gelinin annesine \u00f6vg\u00fcler ya\u011fd\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Kad\u0131n, kocas\u0131n\u0131n ailesine bakire olarak gelmedi\u011finde ve bu durum, geli\u015finin ilk gecesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serilecek olan tablo olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0\u00a0Damat ve damat taraf\u0131, k\u0131z\u0131n anne ve babas\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 soyad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yanlar, kendilerine bakire olmayan bir gelin g\u00f6nderdikleri i\u00e7in, k\u0131z\u0131n anne ve babas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan utand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131na h\u00fckmederler. Bakirelik, evlenilecek k\u0131zda aran\u0131lan ilk ko\u015fuldur. Evlilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 cinsel ili\u015fki kesin olarak yasakt\u0131r ve k\u0131nan\u0131r. Bir kad\u0131n sadece kendi me\u015fru e\u015fine aittir. Bakire olmayan veya hamile olan m\u00fcstakbel anne, bu g\u00fcnah\u0131n\u0131 saklamak ve kendisini yasak a\u015fk\u0131n meyvesinden kurtarmak i\u00e7in her \u00e7areye ba\u015fvurur. Bu \u00e7areler s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olur. B\u00f6ylesi bir g\u00fcnah, takdir edilebilece\u011finiz gibi, k\u00f6yde zor saklan\u0131r; evlenmek zorunda olan b\u00f6yle bir kad\u0131n, k\u00f6y ozanlar\u0131n\u0131n destanlar\u0131na konu olur. \u201cSu\u00e7lu olan\u0131n\u201d, annesinin ve genel olarak ailesinin surat\u0131na kap\u0131lar kapat\u0131l\u0131rken, herkesin dedikodu konusu haline gelirler.<\/p>\n

    Bakireli\u011fini yitiren veya tecav\u00fcze u\u011frayan kad\u0131n, iyi bir adamla evlenme \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcmden kaybeder. E\u011fer fakir, mals\u0131z, m\u00fclks\u00fcz, muhta\u00e7 bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc, k\u0131z\u0131n anne ve babas\u0131n\u0131n mal\u0131, m\u00fclk\u00fc ve k\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7eyizi ortaya konularak kand\u0131r\u0131labilirse, bakire olmayan bir k\u0131z\u0131n evlili\u011fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir. Bu durumda olan kad\u0131nlar genelde, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olursa, kendilerini dul erkeklere veya ya\u015fl\u0131 adamlara teklif ederler. Gelinin bakireli\u011fi, bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin ana ko\u015fulu olarak kabul edildi\u011finden, evlilik kutlamas\u0131 iffetsiz kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in k\u0131sa tutulmak zorundad\u0131r. Bu durumda m\u00fcstakbel gelinin nedimeleri en az say\u0131ya indirgenir veya bazen hi\u00e7 nedimesi olmaz. Davetliler az say\u0131dad\u0131r. Bakire olmayan k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 evlendirecek olan anne ve baba, bazen k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n bu durumunu bilmiyormu\u015f gibi yaparlar. B\u00f6yle bir durumda m\u00fcstakbel koca, evlili\u011fi mutlaka bitirmek zorundad\u0131r. Onu bo\u015fama ve tekrar anne ve babas\u0131n\u0131n evine g\u00f6ndermek durumundad\u0131r. Toplum, k\u00fcsk\u00fcn kocan\u0131n bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru bulur ve k\u0131zlar\u0131yla ilgilenmeyen ve onu korumayan anne ve babas\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131nar.<\/p>\n

    Evlilik y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yerine getiremeyen erke\u011fin durumu olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 bir konudur. Yayg\u0131n bir Megrel deyi\u015finde oldu\u011fu gibi, \u201cKaleyi ele ge\u00e7iremeyen bir koca\u201d, s\u00fcrekli veya ge\u00e7ici olarak cinsel yetersizlikle y\u00fcz y\u00fczeyse bu durum, her zaman, b\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcn veya kem g\u00f6z\u00fcn sonucu olarak de\u011ferlendirilir. B\u00f6ylece, kocan\u0131n cinsel iktidar\u0131n\u0131 tekrar sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6nleme ba\u015fvurulur. \u00d6rne\u011fin kaynat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hayvan hayas\u0131 ile beslenir. Erke\u011fin b\u00f6yle bir durumu s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, kar\u0131s\u0131 onu beklemek zorundad\u0131r. Memnuniyetsizli\u011fini belirtemez ve bo\u015fanamaz. Megrel gelene\u011fi, bu durumdaki kad\u0131n\u0131 yeterince korumaz. Onun b\u00fct\u00fcn yapabilece\u011fi, ister istemez anne ve babas\u0131n\u0131n evine ka\u00e7makt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0III. Cenaze<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u201cRuh a\u011f\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda\u201d insan \u00f6l\u00fcr veya Megrelce\u2019deki s\u00f6yleni\u015fiyle \u201cdo\u011furu\u201d. Hasta ki\u015fi \u00f6l\u00fcr \u00f6lmez, mar\u0292\u0306k\u0306inali\/\u00a0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\/ \u201cgiydirici\u201d gelir. Usta bir mar\u0292\u0306k\u0306inalinin g\u00f6revi \u015fudur: \u00d6len ki\u015finin y\u00fcz\u00fcnde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan, \u00f6l\u00fcy\u00fc, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ya\u015fayan canl\u0131dan farkl\u0131 k\u0131lan, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc belirtilerini ortadan kald\u0131rmak. Ruh, insan\u0131 terk etti\u011fi andan itibaren, ya\u015fayanlar i\u00e7in \u00e7ok korkun\u00e7 bir manzara da ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olur. \u00d6lenin \u00e7evresindekiler i\u00e7in bu korkunun alg\u0131lanmas\u0131 ne kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyse, \u00f6len ki\u015finin y\u00fcz\u00fc de o kadar buru\u015fuktur. Ve i\u015fte bu mar\u0292\u0306k\u0306inali\/ \u201cgiydirici\u201d, \u00f6len ki\u015finin\u00a0\u00f6nce g\u00f6zlerini, a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 kapat\u0131r, ayaklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltir, ellerini \u00e7apraz olarak g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerine koyar ve sa\u00e7\u0131n\u0131, sakal\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u0131y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tarar.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Bu arada, ailenin ba\u015f\u0131na gelen bu talihsizli\u011fin belirtisi olan kad\u0131n feryatlar\u0131 ve erkek inlemeleri k\u00f6yde yank\u0131lan\u0131r. Kad\u0131n, erkek kom\u015fular taziyelerini sunmak, \u201ca\u011flamac\u0131lara\u201d kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in ko\u015farlar. Kad\u0131nlar, t\u0131rnaklar\u0131yla yanaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcslerini yolarlar ve kan ak\u0131t\u0131rlar. Sa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 yolarlar. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, kederlerini d\u0131\u015fa vurmadaki samimiyet genelde, \u00f6lenin kendilerine olan k\u0131ymet ve yeri\u00a0doldurulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. (G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019de gadat\u0306ireba\/\u00a0\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\/\u00a0[gamot\u0306rili\u00a0\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e2\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d8] Bu, ginongara\/\u00a0\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\/\u00a0\u201c\u00f6l\u00fc i\u00e7in a\u011flama\u201dd\u0131r; hen\u00fcz ceset so\u011fumadan yerine getirilen bir g\u00f6revdir. Bunu, g\u00f6m\u00fclme zaman\u0131nda anne-baba ve akrabalar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6lene g\u00f6sterilecek olan sayg\u0131 izler. Hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn kom\u015fular ayn\u0131 derece sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterirler. Aralar\u0131nda, a\u011flama ve \u00f6lenin yeterince itibarla g\u00f6m\u00fclme i\u015flemlerini \u00fcstlenecek olan ki\u015fileri se\u00e7erler. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce \u00f6lenin v\u00fccut \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc al\u0131rlar. Orada hep beraber baltayla bi\u00e7erek ah\u015faptan tabutunu yaparlar. A\u011flama g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u00f6leni topra\u011fa vermeyi biraz daha ge\u00e7 belirlemek istediklerinde, cesedin \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmemesi i\u00e7in hava ge\u00e7irmeyecek bir \u015fekilde cesedi d\u00fczenlerler. Ancak cesedi tabuta koymadan \u00f6nce su ile y\u0131karlar ve beyaz bir kefene sararlar.\u00a0O\u015fureti\/\u00a0\u10dd\u10e8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\/ Ruhlar D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda, \u00f6lenin ruhunun nereye gidece\u011fini, herkesin \u00f6n\u00fcnde\u00a0beyazlar i\u00e7inde, y\u0131kanm\u0131\u015f ve kefenlenmi\u015f olarak belirtebilmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle bu \u015fekilde hareket edilir. Cenazenin oldu\u011fu avluda, sepet\u00e7i s\u00f6\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcnden bir \u00e7ad\u0131r kurulur. 200 ki\u015fiyi alabilecek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcktedir. \u0130\u00e7eride, \u00f6l\u00fcye a\u011flamak i\u00e7in gelenlere misafirperverlik g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n

    Kural olarak a\u011flamak ve \u00f6leni topra\u011fa vermek i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonraki d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc veya be\u015finci g\u00fcn belirlenir. Bu g\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesi, \u00f6len ki\u015finin yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar uzakta bulunduklar\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Herkesin gelebilece\u011fi ve a\u011flamaya kat\u0131labilece\u011fi bir g\u00fcn belirlenmelidir. Akrabalar\u0131 toplanana kadar, cenaze topra\u011fa verilmez. E\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn akrabalar\u0131 cenazesine g\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6kmezse \u00f6lenin ruhu oradan ayr\u0131lmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Uzak akrabalar ve dostlar, a\u011flama ve g\u00f6mme g\u00fcn\u00fcyle ilgili olarak teker teker ziyaret edilir ve \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc haber kendilerine ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Haber, bir arac\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ula\u015f\u0131r. Bu talihsiz haberin verilmesine \u015fe\u0292xadapa\/\u00a0\u10e8\u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u00a0ve haberi verene de \u201c\u015fema\u0292xadapali\/\u00a0\u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u201d denir. Eski zamanlarda \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik haberciler vard\u0131. Onlar\u0131n olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 grup, yanlar\u0131na \u00f6len ki\u015fiye ait baz\u0131 e\u015fyalar\u0131 al\u0131rlard\u0131; k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, kama, sadaklarda oklar veya elbisesinden bir par\u00e7a. \u00d6lenin yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan birinin evine yakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda kara haberciler, y\u00fcksek sesle a\u011flamaya ba\u015flay\u0131p o civarda ya\u015fayanlara kara haberci olarak geldiklerini hissettirirler. Eve girer girmez belden yukar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 soyunurlar; g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan bir yere \u00f6lenin ki\u015fisel e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 koyarak, bunlar\u0131n hemen yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki toprak d\u00f6\u015femeye otururlar. Ev sahipleri de belden yukar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 soyunurlar;\u00a0\u00a0ayakkab\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rlar ve b\u00f6ylesi bir durumda i\u015faret alarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan, \u00f6leni oradakilere hat\u0131rlatacak olan e\u015fyalar\u0131n \u00e7evresinde oturarak, h\u0131\u00e7k\u0131ra h\u0131\u00e7k\u0131ra a\u011flamaya ba\u015flarlar. A\u011flama kesildi\u011finde, kara haberciler, \u00f6len ki\u015fi i\u00e7in a\u011flamaya hangi g\u00fcn gidilece\u011fini onlara bildirir. Ancak \u015fe\u0292xadapa\/\u00a0\u10e8\u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\/ haber,\u00a0g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde daha kolayca tamamlanmaktad\u0131r; kara haberci, siyah m\u00fch\u00fcrl\u00fc yas kart\u0131n\u0131 zarfs\u0131z olarak getirerek verir.<\/p>\n

    Sonunda \u00f6len i\u00e7in a\u011flama g\u00fcn\u00fc gelip \u00e7atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00f6yl\u00fclerden olu\u015fan koro,\u00a0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\/\u00a0zari olarak bilinen, korku, talihsizlik anlam\u0131na gelen cenaze a\u011f\u0131d\u0131n\u0131 seslendirir. Zari s\u00f6zs\u00fcz olarak s\u00f6ylenir, sadece uzun uzun\u00a0\u10d5\u10dd\u10d8,\u00a0\u10d5\u10dd\u10d8\/ voi, voi sesleri i\u015fitilir. Davet edilen a\u011flamac\u0131 kap\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez, elbise asmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan a\u011faca gider, \u015fapkas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7oban pelerinini, silah\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131r ve hepsini bu a\u011faca asar. Bundan sonra g\u00f6mle\u011finin ve fanilas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u011fmelerini, tokalar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7ar. \u015eimdi g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fc k\u0131smen g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr bir durumdad\u0131r. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131labilecek \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir zaman \u00f6nce, a\u011flamac\u0131lar bellerinden yukar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 soyunurlar ve ayakkab\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rlard\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7- d\u00f6rt ki\u015fi s\u0131raya girer girmez, koro zariye ba\u015flar. A\u011flamac\u0131lar, her iki elleriyle al\u0131nlar\u0131na vururlar. Tabutun bulundu\u011fu evden \u201cvoi, voi\u201d hayk\u0131r\u0131\u015flar\u0131 y\u00fckselir. Tabuta do\u011fru y\u00f6nelenler diz \u00e7\u00f6kerek, \u00f6len ki\u015finin iyi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ve yi\u011fitliklerini anlat\u0131rlar. Kendileri i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir kayb\u0131n ne kadar talihsiz ve \u0131zd\u0131rap verici oldu\u011funu anlat\u0131rlar. A\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar, \u00f6l\u00fcye a\u011flarken g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcslerini de yumruklar\u0131yla d\u00f6verler.\u00a0Yine ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, b\u00f6yle durumlarda yasl\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan, \u00f6lenin anne, baba ve akrabalar\u0131na mengara\/\u00a0\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\/\u00a0taziyelerini sunarlar. A\u011flayan\u0131n her iki yan\u0131nda bulunanlar, a\u011flayan\u0131n kendisini fazla h\u0131rpalamamas\u0131na ve a\u011flay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n tabutun yan\u0131na serbest\u00e7e girip \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olurlar. Bu s\u0131rada ikinci koro, ikinci grup a\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 getirir ve b\u00f6ylece t\u00f6ren devam eder.<\/p>\n

    Bir Megrel, a\u011flama an\u0131nda, \u00f6len ki\u015finin ruhunun tabutun yan\u0131nda bulundu\u011funa ve a\u011flamak i\u00e7in gelenleri g\u00f6zledi\u011fine inan\u0131r. \u015e\u00fcphesiz ruh, kom\u015fular ve tan\u0131d\u0131klar bu g\u00f6revlerini l\u00e2y\u0131k\u0131yla yerine getirmediklerinde ve uygun bir \u015fekilde a\u011flamad\u0131klar\u0131nda huzura ermez.<\/p>\n

    Tabutun etraf\u0131nda samimi olarak, kendisinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ve bu d\u00fcnyadan ayr\u0131larak ruhlar diyar\u0131na gitmesine a\u011flayan insanlar\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde memnun olur. Megrelce mangarali\/\u00a0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\/ a\u011flamac\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn sevgi g\u00f6steren, merhametli duygular anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gayet do\u011fald\u0131r. Bir anne, \u00e7ocu\u011funa her zaman \u00e7kimi mangarali\/\u00a0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u00a0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\/\u00a0a\u011flay\u0131c\u0131m diye hitap eder. Bu t\u00fcr ifadeler bir gelenek oldu\u011fundan anne, \u00e7ocu\u011funun kendisi \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman a\u011flamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi arzusunu ta\u015f\u0131r. Bir halk \u015fiirinde, Megrellerin a\u011flama kural\u0131na nas\u0131l \u00f6nem verdikleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilir. Bu k\u0131tada, b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir sevdi\u011fine \u015f\u00f6yle seslenir:<\/p>\n

    \u201cDob\u011furada, domingari\u00a0[\u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10e6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0,\u00a0\u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\/\u00a0\u00f6l\u00fcrsem, bana a\u011fla],
    \ngomintxori sapule [\u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u00a0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\/\u00a0Bana bir mezar kaz),
    \nskani skvami xe-k\u0306u\u00e7xit\u00a0[\u10e1\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u00a0\u10e1\u10d5\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u00a0\u10ee\u10d4-\u10d9\u10e3\u00a0\u10e9\u10ee\u10d8\u10d7\/\u00a0\u00a0g\u00fczel ayaklar\u0131n ve ellerinle),
    \ndixa komnmo\u00e7\u0306abule [\u10d3\u10d8\u10ee\u10d0\u00a0\u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10dc\u10db\u10dd\u10ed\u10d0\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\/\u00a0(toprak serp \u00fczerime).\u201d<\/p>\n

    Akrabalar uzak k\u00f6ylerden siyah elbiseleri i\u00e7inde a\u011flamak\u00a0i\u00e7in gelirler. Zariyi s\u00f6yleyecek olan koroyu da yanlar\u0131nda getirirler. Kara \u015feritlerle bezenmi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck bir mum \u00f6nlerinde ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. E\u011fer gelen akraba kad\u0131nsa, samimi davran\u0131r ve farkl\u0131 k\u00f6ylerden ge\u00e7erken feryat eder. Zariyi s\u00f6yleyenler de kendisine e\u015flik eder. B\u00f6ylece herkes, onlar\u0131n a\u011flamaya gittiklerini anlar. Akraba ne kadar uzakta ya\u015farsa ya\u015fas\u0131n, insanlar \u00f6len akrabas\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u011flamaya kat\u0131lmak zorundad\u0131r. Herhangi bir nedenle a\u011flamaya g\u00fcn\u00fcnde gidemeyen olursa, a\u011flamadan sonra gidip \u00f6lenin i\u015fareti \u00fczerine a\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle, bir divan \u00fczerine \u00f6len ki\u015finin elbisesi serilir. Sanki cenaze oradaym\u0131\u015f gibi a\u011flan\u0131r. \u00d6lenden arta kalan veya onu hat\u0131rlatan nesneye ni\u015fani\/\u00a0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\/ i\u015faret denir.<\/p>\n

    Bir koca, e\u015fini kaybetti\u011finde, a\u011flama g\u00fcn\u00fcnde, onun i\u00e7in bir matem \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131 kurulur.\u00a0\u00a0Koca, bir k\u00f6\u015feye yerle\u015ftirilir. Buraya G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019de sabneleti\/\u00a0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\/\u00a0karanl\u0131k yer denir. Dul koca, akl\u0131\u00a0ba\u015f\u0131ndan gitmi\u015f ve tarifsiz ac\u0131larla dolu y\u00fcz\u00fcyle bu \u00e7ad\u0131ra gelir. Bu \u015fekilde, kendisinin de o g\u00fcnden itibaren art\u0131k karanl\u0131kta bir \u00f6l\u00fc oldu\u011funu, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na l\u00e2y\u0131k olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. A\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar, \u00f6len i\u00e7in a\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131nda, \u00e7ad\u0131ra giderek dul kocaya taziyelerini bildirirler. Bazen tabuttan belirli bir uzakl\u0131ktaki bir divan \u00fczerine hem \u00f6len kad\u0131n\u0131n ve hem de dul kocas\u0131n\u0131n elbiselerini yayarlar. Biri \u00f6len kad\u0131n\u0131, di\u011feri \u00f6len kocas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. A\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar, \u00f6len kad\u0131na a\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131nda, o i\u015farete gider ve her ikisine de a\u011flarlar. T\u00f6renin bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kocas\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini betimler. Bu s\u0131rada, kocan\u0131n kendisi orada bulunanlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn, ortadan kalkman\u0131n ve t\u00fckenmenin ger\u00e7ek hayalini g\u00f6rebilmeleri i\u00e7in gizlenir.<\/p>\n

    A\u011flamac\u0131lar a\u011flamay\u0131 bitirdikten sonra, 20-30 ki\u015filik gruplar halinde yas yeme\u011fini yemek \u00fczere \u00e7ad\u0131ra davet\u00a0edilirler. Kendilerine ekmek, m\u0131s\u0131r ekme\u011fi, fasulye, bal\u0131k, zeytin, ye\u015fillik (turp) ve \u015farap ikram edilir. Yemek yenirken, her a\u011flamac\u0131 \u00f6lenin ruhu i\u00e7in, bir i\u015faret olarak dolu bir bardaktan bir damla \u015farab\u0131 ekme\u011fin \u00fczerine d\u00f6ker ve sanki \u00f6len ki\u015fi geliyor ve ekme\u011fi yiyor, \u015farab\u0131 i\u00e7iyormu\u015f gibi bir sahneyi betimler. Erkekler bir tarafta, kad\u0131nlar di\u011fer tarafta oturur.<\/p>\n

    A\u011flamac\u0131lar, her biri durumuna g\u00f6re, ginaporali\/\u00a0\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\/\u00a0\u201c\u00f6rtme i\u00e7in\u201d denilen bir \u00e7e\u015fit parasal de\u011feri olan nesneleri getirirler ve bunlar yazma bilenler taraf\u0131ndan bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da not edilir. \u201cGinaporali\u201d G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019de \u201c\u00f6rtme i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. (\u00d6len\u00a0ki\u015finin masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kapamak i\u00e7in, bor\u00e7lu olanlarca verilir). Eskiden her a\u011flamac\u0131 beraberinde yiyecek ve \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f erzak getirirdi; pi\u015fmi\u015f m\u0131s\u0131r ekme\u011fi, ha\u015flamak \u00fczere fasulye, \u015farap, ceviz, so\u011fan. B\u00f6ylelikle cenaze sahibi masraf yapmaz ve bu d\u00f6nemi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131z ge\u00e7irirdi. Ancak bu gelenek bug\u00fcn (19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Samargalo\/\u00a0\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\/Megrelyas\u0131nda) kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yard\u0131mla\u015fma \u00f6zelli\u011fini kaybediyor ve ticar\u00ee bir hal al\u0131yor. \u00d6len ki\u015finin yasl\u0131lar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar az para harcamaya ve \u201c\u00f6rt\u00fc, kapama\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda daha fazla para almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

    Bir Megrel nerede \u00f6l\u00fcrse \u00f6ls\u00fcn, akrabalar\u0131 cenazesini istirahat i\u00e7in evine getirmek, a\u011flamak ve ata topra\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6mmek zorundad\u0131rlar. Bu gelenek, bazen b\u00fcy\u00fck yanl\u0131\u015f anlamalar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle, bir ki\u015fi \u015fehirde \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde orada g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr. Akrabalar\u0131 da cenazeyi kendi k\u00f6y\u00fcnde topra\u011fa vermek i\u00e7in mezar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rlar. Ancak \u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn mezar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in yerel y\u00f6netimden izin, y\u00f6netimin emirlerine g\u00f6re \u00e7e\u015fitli formaliteleri yerine getirmeyi gerektirir ve bu da zaman al\u0131r. Bir Megrel, yasalar\u0131n isteklerine, kendisine ku\u015faklar boyu ula\u015fan geleneklerden daha az \u00f6nem verir; gizlice mezar\u0131 kazar ve cenazesini oradan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Cesedi keserek par\u00e7alara ay\u0131r\u0131r, b\u00f6ylelikle cenazeyi gizlice ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 daha kolay olur. Son olarak, cesedi \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye ve kokmaya kar\u015f\u0131 tuzlar ve k\u00fcfesine koyarak kendi k\u00f6y\u00fcne g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. Orada a\u00e7\u0131k olarak a\u011flar ve topra\u011fa verir. B\u00f6ylece d\u00fcr\u00fcst\u00e7e, cenazesine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6revini yerine getirmi\u015f olur. E\u011fer cenaze kendi k\u00f6y\u00fcne g\u00f6m\u00fclmezse ruhu huzura ermemi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n


    \nTedo Sakhokia\/\u00a0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d3\u10dd\u00a0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10dd\u10d9\u10d8\u10d0\u00a0(1868- 1956)<\/p>\n

    (Megrel etnograf Tedo Sakhokia’n\u0131n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait yay\u0131nlar\u0131ndan se\u00e7meler, \u201cAspects of Mingrelian Culture\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda Londra \u00dcniversitesi, School of Oriental and African Studies \u00f6\u011fretim g\u00f6revlisi ve \u201cCaucasian Perspective Dergisi\u201dnin edit\u00f6r\u00fc Say\u0131n B. George Hewitt taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131ma haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, daha \u0130ngilizce olarak yay\u0131mlanmadan \u00f6nce taraf\u0131ma g\u00f6ndermek nezaketini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcr ediyorum. Tedo Sakhokia\u2019n\u0131n bu makalesi \u00f6zetlenerek T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir.)<\/p>\n

    Bir Megrel cenazesinden eski bir a\u011f\u0131t (zari) kayd\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n