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e-hayat.net<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bilinen tarihi 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bat\u0131dan Rusya topraklar\u0131na giren Slav kabileleriyle ba\u015flar. \u0130lk Rus devleti 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130skandinavyal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu. Devletin merkezi Novgrod ve Kiev\u2019deydi. On \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00fclke topraklar\u0131 Mo\u011follar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131. Bundan sonra Moskova prenslikleri ve b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fckleri idaresinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flayan \u00fclke 1480 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alt\u0131nordu Devletinin hakimiyetinden kurtuldu.<\/span><\/p>\n On be\u015finci as\u0131rda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile m\u00fcnasebetleri ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130stanbul\u2019u fethederek, Bizans da denilen Do\u011fu Roma Devletine son veren Fatih Sultan Mehmed Han (1451-1481) Rus Knezliklerinin g\u00fcneyindeki K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 imtiyazl\u0131 beylik halinde, Osmanl\u0131 Devletine ba\u011flay\u0131p, vergi yerine her yaz Moskoflar \u00fczerine netice al\u0131c\u0131 ve y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ak\u0131nlar yapmakla vazifelendirdi.<\/p>\n Ruslar, Papal\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi kardinal ve papaz heyetleri sayesinde T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 uyanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Rus Knezlikleri birle\u015ftiler ve \u00c7arl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131. Korkun\u00e7 \u0130van 1547\u2032de ilk \u00e7ar ilan edildi. B\u00f6ylece Rus \u00e7arlar\u0131 kendilerini Do\u011fu Roma\u2019n\u0131n varisi sayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Y\u00f6netim ve askerlik alan\u0131ndaki d\u00fczenlemelerle devlet idaresini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren, \u00c7ar \u0130van kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferlerde Kazan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etti ve 1556\u2032da Astrahan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da Moskova\u2019ya ba\u011flad\u0131. K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sefer d\u00fczenlediyse de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131. Daha sonra Balt\u0131k Denizine a\u00e7\u0131lmaya a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vererek Litvanya topraklar\u0131na girdi. Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u0130sve\u00e7 ve Polonya\u2019y\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getiren bu sava\u015fta Rusya ilk \u00f6nceleri ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu ise de daha sonralar\u0131 ard arda al\u0131nan ma\u011flubiyetler \u00fclkede i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa sebep oldu. Bunun \u00fczerine \u00c7ar \u0130van bask\u0131c\u0131 bir politika takip etti ve muhaliflerini ac\u0131mas\u0131zca \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu s\u0131rada Rus ekonomisi a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe ald\u0131.<\/p>\n Korkun\u00e7 \u0130van\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden bir s\u00fcre sonra i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ba\u015flad\u0131. Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131lman\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine geldi. \u0130sve\u00e7 ve Polonya\u2019n\u0131n da olaylara kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla, tam bir iktidar bo\u015flu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Polonya kuvvetlerinin Rusya\u2019y\u0131 1610\u2032da i\u015fgali halk\u0131 direni\u015fe sevk etti ve Romanov ailesinden Mihail Fyodorovi\u00e7 \u00e7ar se\u00e7ildi. Bir s\u00fcre sonra d\u00fczeni yeniden sa\u011flad\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak kaybedilmesine ra\u011fmen \u0130sve\u00e7 (1617) ve Polonya ile (1618) bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Rusya b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 sarsan Otuzy\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n \u0130lk Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131, \u00c7ar ordular\u0131n\u0131n 1667\u2032de Kiev\u2019i de ele ge\u00e7irmesinden on y\u0131l sonra 1677\u2032de K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Ukrayna aras\u0131ndaki topraklara sald\u0131rmas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131. 1677-1678 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ordusu Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00c7ihrin\/\u00c7ehrin Seferine \u00e7\u0131karak, Ruslar\u0131 ve onlara yard\u0131mc\u0131 Lehlileri yendi. \u00c7ihrin Kalesi Osmanl\u0131 ordusu taraf\u0131ndan, bir daha b\u00f6lgede Ruslar\u0131n tutunmas\u0131na mani olmak i\u00e7in y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Moskova el\u00e7ileri 1681 Ocak ay\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m Han\u0131na ricaya gelerek bir daha Osmanl\u0131 ve K\u0131r\u0131m topraklar\u0131na sald\u0131rmayacaklar\u0131na yeminle s\u00f6z verip, bir antla\u015fma imzalad\u0131lar. K\u0131r\u0131m Han\u0131, Edirne\u2019de sefer haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rmekte olan Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fay\u0131 ikna ederek Bah\u00e7esaray Bar\u0131\u015f\u00fc ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan ilk Osmanl\u0131-Rus Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 imzalatmaya muvaffak oldu (11 \u015eubat 1681).<\/p>\n 1683 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avusturya \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun merkezi Viyana\u2019n\u0131n ikinci defa ku\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki t\u00fcrl\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve hatalar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden geri \u00e7ekili\u015f, Ruslar\u0131n bekledi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck f\u0131rsat\u0131 do\u011furdu. Papal\u0131k-Avusturya-Venedik-Lehistan gibi Akdeniz\u2019den Balt\u0131k\u2019a kadar yay\u0131lan Katolik devletlerinin Osmanl\u0131 aleyhine kurdu\u011fu Mukaddes \u0130ttifak\u2019a, Rusya\u2019da kat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu be\u015fli ittifak devletleriyle yap\u0131lan on \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k harpler s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Rusya \u00c7ar Deli Petro\u2019nun (1682-1725) gayretleriyle geli\u015fip, kuvvetlendi.<\/p>\n \u0130ttifak devletlerinin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile harplerinden cesaret alan Deli Petro; 1695 ilkbahar\u0131nda kuvvetli bir ordu ile, Sibirya\u2019dan gelen tarihi k\u00fcrk ticaret yolunun a\u011fz\u0131nda bulunun ve gelen da ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f k\u00fcrklerin Karadeniz, Akdeniz ve Avrupa i\u00e7lerine sevkiyat merkezi olan Azak Kalesine sald\u0131rd\u0131. Azak Kalesindeki say\u0131ca az olan Osmanl\u0131 kuvveti, kahramanca kar\u015f\u0131 koyarak uzun s\u00fcre dayand\u0131. Rus Donanmas\u0131 Don\/Ten Nehri boyunca Azak Kalesine geldi. Ruslar nehir ve deniz tahkimat\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmayan Azak Kalesini ele ge\u00e7irdiler.<\/p>\n Azak Kalesinin d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle, bir T\u00fcrk g\u00f6l\u00fc halinde olan Karadeniz\u2019de Ruslara bir pencere a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. Azak Denizinin, Karadeniz\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131lan bo\u011fazda bulunan Ker\u00e7\/Ker\u015f Liman Kalesi Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n hakimiyetinde bulundu\u011fundan, Rus donanmas\u0131n\u0131n Karadeniz\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na engel oluyordu.<\/p>\n 1699 Karlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra, Osmanl\u0131 Devletiyle sava\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6ze alamayan Rusya, 1700\u2032de imzalanan \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla bar\u0131\u015fa raz\u0131 oldu. Antla\u015fmayla Azak Kalesi ve \u00e7evresi Ruslara b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanda bilgi toplamak amac\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avrupa gezisinde Osmanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 yeni bir ittifak giri\u015fiminden netice alamayan Deli Petro, Karadeniz yerine Balt\u0131k Denizine y\u00f6nelmeye karar verdi ve \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019le \u00fcnl\u00fc B\u00fcy\u00fck Kuzey Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131 (1700-1721). Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Ruslar ma\u011flup oldu ise de Poltava \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla (1709), sava\u015f Ruslar\u0131n lehine d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n Bu arada Rus ordular\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 hududuna tecav\u00fcz etmesi \u00fczerine, 9 Nisan 1711 tarihinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti,Rusya\u2019ya sefer d\u00fczenledi ve iki ordu Prut Irma\u011f\u0131 boyunda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Ruslar ma\u011flup oldu. \u00c7ar Deli Petro kumandas\u0131ndaki Rus ordusu, antla\u015fma iste\u011finin kabul\u00fcyle imhadan kurtuldu. Azak Kalesi ve \u00e7evresi Osmanl\u0131lara geri verildi ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00d6z\u00fc boyundaki Rus kaleleri y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Deli Petro\u2019nun k\u0131z\u0131 Anna zaman\u0131nda, Osmanl\u0131lar ile Venedik-Avusturya harplerini f\u0131rsat bilen Ruslar, Avusturya-Rusya ittifak\u0131n\u0131 yenilediler. Ard\u0131ndan Rus ordusu, Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun Avusturya cephesinde bulunmas\u0131ndan faydalanarak, K\u0131r\u0131m Yar\u0131madas\u0131 bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u00d6z\u00fc Kalesini al\u0131p, K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019a girdiler. Ruslar, 1 Temmuz 1736\u2032da ikinci defa Azak Kalesini zapt ettiler. Azak sava\u015f\u0131 18 Eyl\u00fcl 1739 Belgrad Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla sona erdi. Antla\u015fmayla Azak Kalesi y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, Azak b\u00f6lgesi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti-Rusya aras\u0131nda tarafs\u0131z saha ve m\u00fcstakil Kabartay \u00fclkesi de iki devlet aras\u0131nda tampon halde tutulup, Moskoflar Karadeniz\u2019den son bir defa daha uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00c7ari\u00e7e \u0130kinci Katerina (1762-1796) zaman\u0131nda Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Lehistan Polonya\u2019ya yerle\u015fmesine engel olmak i\u00e7in, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan Rusya\u2019ya sefer a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Ruslar\u0131n i\u015fgal ve zulm\u00fcnden ka\u00e7\u0131p T\u00fcrk hududunu a\u015farak Osmanl\u0131 Devletine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan ailelerini Rus ordusunun takip etmesi ve u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00f6y ve kasabalardaki silahs\u0131z masum ahaliyi k\u0131rmalar\u0131 bu seferin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep oldu. Divan-\u0131 h\u00fcmayun karar\u0131 ile Rusya\u2019ya sefer a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. 1769 \u015eubat\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m Han\u0131 Giray Han\u0131n ordular\u0131 G\u00fcney Rusya\u2019ya girerek Ruslar\u0131 yendi ve 100.000\u2032den fazla esir ald\u0131. Fakat geli\u015fmeler Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin aleyhine oldu.<\/p>\n Be\u015f y\u0131l s\u00fcren ve 21 Temmuz 1774 tarihli K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckkaynarca Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla biten bu harp; ilk defa ahalisi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve T\u00fcrk olan topraklar\u0131n elden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve 300 y\u0131ldan beri Anadolu\u2019nun kuzey kalesi say\u0131lan K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Kuban ve Bucak Tatarlar\u0131n\u0131n, s\u00f6zde m\u00fcstakil olma kayd\u0131yla kopar\u0131lmas\u0131yla neticelendi. Azak, Yenikale, Ker\u00e7 ve K\u0131lburun \u015fehirleriyle Aksu-Turla\u2019ya kadar olan Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 Ruslara b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Ruslar Karadeniz\u2019e rahat\u00e7a \u00e7\u0131kabildiler. Nihayet, s\u00f6zde m\u00fcstakil olan K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 1783 Temmuzunda i\u015fgal ederek yerli ahaliden kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla 30.000\u2032den fazla T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcren Ruslar, 1784 Oca\u011f\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019a resmen hakim oldular. Rus zulm\u00fc alt\u0131nda ezilen bir\u00e7ok K\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 etti.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131 Ruslar\u0131n i\u015fgalinden kurtarmak i\u00e7in Sultan Birinci Abd\u00fclhamid Han zaman\u0131nda Rusya\u2019ya alt\u0131nc\u0131 sefer d\u00fczenlendi. Rus \u00c7ari\u00e7esi II. Katerina Avusturya \u0130mparatoru II. Josef ile Bizans-Yunan projesinin tatbiki ve Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ittifak yapt\u0131lar. Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n, Rusya m\u00fcttefiki olarak Osmanl\u0131 Devletine sava\u015f a\u00e7mas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Osmanl\u0131 askeri iki cephede sava\u015fmak mecburiyetinde kald\u0131.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ate\u015fli silahlar\u0131 ellerinde bulunduran Yeni\u00e7erinin sebep oldu\u011fu bozgunla a\u011f\u0131r yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131. \u00d6nce Avusturya ile 1791 A\u011fustosunda Zi\u015ftovi Bar\u0131\u015f\u00fc imzalanarak Belgrad geri al\u0131nd\u0131. Ruslarla devam eden harp 9 Ocak 1792 tarihinde imzalanan Ya\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla sona erdi ve K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tamamen Rusya hakimiyetine girmesi kabul edildi.<\/p>\n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim Han\u0131n her sahadaki icraatlar\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Devletini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirip, \u0131slahatlarda bulunmas\u0131 Rusya\u2019y\u0131 tela\u015fland\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7ar I. Aleksandr, Osmanl\u0131ya tabi S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131 isyana te\u015fvik edip, Slavl\u0131k propagandas\u0131yla Balkanlar\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. S\u0131rplar, Ruslar\u0131n te\u015fvikleriyle isyan etti. Vilayet merkezi Belgrad 13 Aral\u0131k 1806\u2032da d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ruslar 1806 Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda ans\u0131z\u0131n Basarabya\u2019da Bender ve Hotin kalelerini al\u0131p, Tuna Nehri a\u011fz\u0131ndaki kaleleri de istila ettiler. Bunun \u00fczerine Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 22 Aral\u0131k 1806 tarihinde Rusya\u2019ya harp ilan etti.<\/p>\n 1807\u2032de Tiflis\u2019ten hareket eden Rus ordusu, Temmuz ay\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda Arpa\u00e7ay\u2019\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Kars Kalesine sald\u0131rd\u0131. Kars\u2019taki Osmanl\u0131 askerlerinin ve ahalinin cansiperane m\u00fcdafaas\u0131yla Rus taarruzu p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fc. Ruslar pek \u00e7ok zaiyat vererek, Arpa\u00e7ay \u00f6tesine geri \u00e7ekildiler. 1810 yaz\u0131nda Ah\u0131lkelek \u00fczerinden sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7en Ruslar, bu kaleyi alamay\u0131nca Ah\u0131ska \u015fehrini ku\u015fatt\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131 mukavemeti ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011fa dayanamay\u0131p 1811\u2032de Tiflis\u2019e geri \u00e7ekildiler.<\/p>\n Ayn\u0131 sene \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc defa taarruza ge\u00e7erek Ah\u0131lkelek Kalesini ele ge\u00e7irdiler. Bu s\u0131rada Almanya\u2019y\u0131 istila eden Napolyon Bonapart\u2019\u0131n Moskova\u2019ya sefer d\u00fczenlemesi \u00fczerine, Ruslar\u0131n iste\u011fi ile 28 May\u0131s 1812\u2032de B\u00fckre\u015f\u2019te imzalanan antla\u015fmayla Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131na son verildi. B\u00fckre\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla; Kuzey Bo\u011fdan Ruslara, g\u00fcney Bo\u011fdan ise Osmanl\u0131 Devletine b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.Kalelerinde Osmanl\u0131 askeri bulundurmak \u015fart\u0131yla da S\u0131rbistan\u2019a idari muhtariyet hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n Napolyon ordular\u0131 Moskova \u00f6nlerine kadar geldiyse de yo\u011fun k\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131 askerin telef olmas\u0131na sebep oldu ve Napolyon geri \u00e7ekilmek mecburiyetinde kald\u0131. Rus ordular\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla bat\u0131ya do\u011fru ilerlemesi ve kazan\u0131lan zafer Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen devletleri aras\u0131na girmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Avrupa\u2019da s\u00f6z sahibi durumuna gelen \u00c7ar I. Nikolay \u0130ran, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Polonya ve Kafkasya \u00fczerine seferler d\u00fczenleyerek yerini iyice kuvvetlendirdi.<\/p>\n Sultan Mahmud Han, Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 1826\u2032da kald\u0131rmas\u0131 ve 1827 Fransa-\u0130ngiltere, Rusya ittifak\u0131na mensup m\u00fcttefik Ha\u00e7l\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131n Navarin\u2019deki Osmanl\u0131-M\u0131s\u0131r donanmas\u0131n\u0131 bir hile ile yakmas\u0131yla, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kara ve deniz kuvvetlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmi\u015f oldu. Bunu f\u0131rsat bilen Rusya, 26 Nisan 1828\u2032de Osmanl\u0131 Devletine kar\u015f\u0131 harp ilan ederek, Bo\u011fazlar ile \u0130skenderun k\u00f6rfezini elde edip, Akdeniz\u2019e inmek idealiyle Rumeli ve Anadolu cephesinden harekete ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, askeri ve kad\u0131n \u00e7ocuk b\u00fct\u00fcn halk\u0131yla bu sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ruslar top ile uzaktan att\u0131\u011f\u0131 tutu\u015fturulmu\u015f neftli pa\u00e7avralarla kaleleri yakt\u0131. Rumeli\u2019de Romen, Bulgar, Rum, Ortodoks Gagavuzlar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 ve Anadolu Cephesinde Tiflis\u2019ten gelen H\u0131ristiyan Kartli ve yerli Ermenilerin deste\u011fiyle d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yollar\u0131n\u0131n kapanma korkusu olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, bat\u0131da Edirne, do\u011fuda Bayburt ve Mu\u015f\u2019a kadar ilerlediler.<\/p>\n Bir y\u0131l, be\u015f ay s\u00fcren harp; Ruslar i\u00e7in korkun\u00e7 bir insanl\u0131k lekesi ve y\u00fczkaralar\u0131yla dolu, vah\u015fet fiilleri ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7inde hala yaralar\u0131 kapanmayan b\u00fcy\u00fck maddi ve manevi zararlarla neticelendi. Bab\u0131ali\u2019nin antla\u015fma iste\u011fi veFransa ve \u0130ngiltere sefirlerinin ihtar\u0131yla, 14 Eyl\u00fcl 1829 tarihinde EdirneAntla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. Rumeli\u2019de Tuna a\u011fz\u0131ndaki kaleler Ruslara b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131p, Prut Nehri hudut kabul edildi. Anadolu cephesinde Rusya\u2019ya ilk defa toprak verilerek, Kars vilayetinin \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r, Ardahan ve Deskof kuzeyinden hudut \u00e7izildi. Harp tazminat\u0131 olarak da 11,5 milyon flemenk alt\u0131n\u0131n yedi y\u0131lda taksitlerle \u00f6denmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu tarihten sonra Rusya, Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc destekleyerek, Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerinde denetim kurma ve Akdeniz\u2019e inme y\u00f6n\u00fcnden b\u00fcy\u00fck kazan\u00e7lar sa\u011flad\u0131. Bir ara Bo\u011fdan ve Eflak prensliklerini ele ge\u00e7irmek isteyen Rusya \u00fczerine Osmanl\u0131 Devleti sefer d\u00fczenledi.K\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131 olarak tarihe ge\u00e7en, bu sava\u015fta Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin yan\u0131nda yer ald\u0131. K\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda imzalanan 30 Mart 1856 tarihli Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131 sonunda, Rusya toprak ve \u00e7ok fazla maddi kayba u\u011frad\u0131. Rusya bu harpten sonra, ordular\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011fini anlayarak yenilik yapma yoluna gitti. Bu arada di\u011fer taraftan Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin i\u00e7indeki az\u0131nl\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 Slavl\u0131k ve Ortodoksluk propagandas\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu propagandalar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 1877\u2032de Rusya Osmanl\u0131 Devletine sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131. Tarihe 93 sava\u015f\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7en bu sava\u015f 3 Mart 1878 Ye\u015filk\u00f6y Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla neticelendi. Bu antla\u015fma ile Bulgaristan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131. Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid Han\u0131n siyasi dehas\u0131yla toplanan Berlin Kongresinde \u0130ngiltere ve Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n etkisiyle imzalanan Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131nda Balkanlarda Rusya\u2019n\u0131n kazan\u00e7lar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti y\u00f6n\u00fcnden harp asgari zararla neticelendi. Bir s\u00fcre sonra Almanya, Avusturya ve \u0130talya; Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ittifak kurdu. Kendisine destek sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Fransa\u2019ya d\u00f6nen Rusya, 1891\u2032de ekonomik ve askeri ili\u015fkileri geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Fransa\u2019yla bir ittifak kurdu.<\/p>\n Di\u011fer taraftan do\u011fuda, Rusya, T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da 1860\u2032l\u0131 y\u0131llarda ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yay\u0131lma politikas\u0131 ile 1880\u2032li y\u0131llarda Hazar Denizinin do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki, T\u00fcrkmen topraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etti. Bu geli\u015fmeler \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Hindistan\u2019daki durumunu tehdit edince iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda Afganistan \u00fczerinde ba\u015flayan s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmelerle yeni bir durum kazand\u0131. Orta Asya\u2019daki bu Rus-\u0130ngiliz m\u00fccadelesi, 1885 Eyl\u00fcl\u00fcnde n\u00fcfuz s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n tespitiyle yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Rusya, Uzakdo\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda Japonya ve \u00c7in ile bir\u00e7ok antla\u015fma imzalayarak Sahalin ve Kuril adalar\u0131yla Amur Irma\u011f\u0131 Vadisi gibi \u00f6nemli noktalar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. Kore \u00fczerindeki \u00c7in-Japon m\u00fccadelesinde \u00c7in\u2019in yan\u0131nda yer ald\u0131. 1900\u2032de Boxer Ayaklanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Rus askeri Man\u00e7urya\u2019ya girince, Japonya ile rekabet s\u0131cak sava\u015fa d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Sava\u015f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmemesi i\u00e7in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler s\u00fcrerken 1904 \u015eubat\u0131nda Japon birlikleri Port Arthur\u2019daki Rus harp gemilerine ani bask\u0131nla sald\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Rus-Japon Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. Bir seri a\u011f\u0131r ma\u011flubiyetlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00fclkede meydana \u00e7\u0131kan devrimci hareketler Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 Nikolay\u2019\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f yapmaya mecbur b\u0131rakt\u0131 (5 Eyl\u00fcl 1905).<\/p>\n Ekim 1905\u2032te ba\u015flayan demiryolu i\u015f\u00e7ileri grevi dalga dalga \u00fclke geneline yay\u0131larak genel grev \u015feklini ald\u0131 ve Petersburg Sovyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131 ile devrimci hareket en y\u00fcksek noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Zor durumda kalan II. Nikolay bir bildiri yay\u0131mlay\u0131p, me\u015fruti bir anayasa ve se\u00e7ilmi\u015f bir meclis s\u00f6z\u00fc verdi. Bir s\u00fcre sonra yava\u015f yava\u015f i\u015fci hareketi bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Nisan 1906\u2032da yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imler neticesinde liberal ve sol muhalefet mecliste \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu elde etti. K\u00f6kl\u00fc reformlar istedi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00e7arl\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmetiyle ters duruma d\u00fc\u015fen ilk meclis iki ay ge\u00e7meden da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Daha sonra se\u00e7ilen ikinci meclisin de \u00f6mr\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7 ay oldu. K\u00f6yl\u00fclere ve az\u0131nl\u0131klara se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n verilmedi\u011fi se\u00e7imlerle se\u00e7ilen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc meclis genelde \u00e7arl\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin politikas\u0131n\u0131 destekledi.<\/p>\n Uzakdo\u011fu\u2019da Japonya ile sava\u015fa son veren Rusya 1906\u2032dan sonra Balkanlar \u00fczerinde n\u00fcfuz kazanmak i\u00e7in Avusturya ile m\u00fccadeleye girdi. Bu durum Rusya\u2019y\u0131 \u0130ngiltere veFransa\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131na girmesine sebep oldu. Bir s\u00fcre sonra da Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin Almanya, Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcttefiki olarak harbe girmesiyle Kafkasya\u2019da yeni bir cephe a\u00e7mak mecburiyetinde kald\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 ikmal deste\u011fini yitirdi. \u00d6nemli derecede silah ve m\u00fchimmat s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7eken Rus ordular\u0131 bat\u0131da birbiri ard\u0131na a\u011f\u0131r ma\u011flubiyetler ald\u0131.<\/p>\n Sava\u015f\u0131n sebep oldu\u011fu y\u0131k\u0131m, bas\u0131n ve mecliste halk\u0131n g\u00fcvenine dayal\u0131 bir h\u00fck\u00fcmetin olmas\u0131 iste\u011fini yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. 1917 Mart ay\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Moskova\u2019da ba\u015flayan grev, asker ve subaylar\u0131n desteklemesiyle, \u015eubat Devrimi olarak bilinen ayaklanmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Prens Lvov ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmet kuruldu. H\u00fck\u00fcmete ba\u011fl\u0131 birliklere Pskov\u2019da ku\u015fat\u0131lan \u00c7ar Nikolay\u2019\u0131n 15 Mart 1917\u2032de tahttan \u00e7ekilmesiyle \u00c7arl\u0131k rejimi tarihe kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n 7 Ekim 1917\u2032de kom\u00fcnist ihtilal patlak verdi. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki kom\u00fcnistler, h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve serbest se\u00e7imle i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131na gelmi\u015f bulunan meclisi la\u011fv ederek kom\u00fcnist diktas\u0131n\u0131 getirdiler. Lenin, biraz soluk alabilmek i\u00e7in \u0130tilaf devletlerinin bask\u0131s\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Almanya ile bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri yapt\u0131. Baz\u0131 bol\u015feviklerin ve sol sosyalist devrimcilerinin muhalefetine ra\u011fmen, Balt\u0131k b\u00f6lgesi, Polonya, Ukrayna ve Kafkaslar\u2019dan \u00e7ekilmeyi \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Brest-Litovsk Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 3 Mart 1918\u2032de imzalad\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu antla\u015fman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan bol\u015feviklerin Sovyet iktidar\u0131n\u0131 yerle\u015ftirme \u00e7abalar\u0131 1918 May\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u015flayan i\u00e7 sava\u015fa sebep oldu. Kom\u00fcnistlerin ordusu olan K\u0131z\u0131lordu, kar\u015f\u0131t grubun ordusu olan Beyazordu ile amans\u0131z bir m\u00fccadeleye girdi. Askeri y\u00f6nden daha \u00fcst\u00fcn olanBeyazordunun, k\u00f6yl\u00fclere ve Rus olmayan milliyetlere kar\u015f\u0131 ac\u0131mas\u0131z ve d\u00fc\u015fmanca politikas\u0131, a\u011f\u0131r ma\u011flubiyetine sebep oldu.<\/p>\n K\u0131z\u0131lordunun kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaferler, Ukrayna, Beyaz Rusya, G\u00fcrcistan, Ermenistan ve \u00c2zerbaycan\u2019\u0131n Sovyet idaresi alt\u0131na girmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Bunun yan\u0131nda Almanya\u2019n\u0131n ma\u011flubiyetinin ard\u0131ndan kurulan Estonya, Letonya ve Litvanya cumhuriyetleri \u0130tilaf devletleri deste\u011fiyle varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirdiler. S\u0131n\u0131r problemi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kan Rus-Polonya Sava\u015f\u0131nda K\u0131z\u0131lordu ma\u011flup oldu ve ard\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan Riga Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla (Mart 1921) Ukrayna ve Beyaz Rusya topraklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Polonya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n \u0130\u00e7 sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan \u00f6l\u00fcrken, 2 milyona yak\u0131n halk da \u00fclkesini terk etti. \u0130\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n bitmesinden sonra y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7iren kom\u00fcnistler, kar\u015f\u0131t g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fte olanlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131zla ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Lenin Rusya\u2019n\u0131n tek siyasi partisi olan Kom\u00fcnist Partisini kurdu. Birinci Cihan sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, \u0130stiklal sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisiyle 16 Mart 1921\u2032de Moskova\u2019da T\u00fcrk-Sovyet Dostluk Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla, Batum Rusya\u2019ya ait G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131 ve Kars\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusundaki Arpa\u00e7ay Suyu hudut kesildi.<\/p>\n Zalimli\u011fi ve halk\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zul\u00fcmleriyle tan\u0131nan Lenin, milyonlarca insan\u0131 katletti. \u0130nan\u00e7s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yerine Joseph Stalin ge\u00e7ti. Stalin \u00f6l\u00fcnceye kadar Rus milletini ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 i\u015fkence alt\u0131nda inletti. Lenin\u2019i geride b\u0131rakarak elli milyondan fazla insan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrtt\u00fc. Milleti kendine tapmaya zorlad\u0131. Bu iki idareci taraf\u0131ndan \u00fclke; utan\u00e7 duvarlar\u0131 ile \u00e7evrilmi\u015f ve demir perdelerle kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir esaret kamp\u0131 haline getirildi.<\/p>\n 1939 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya ve Rusya aralar\u0131nda bir sald\u0131rmazl\u0131k pakt\u0131 imzalamalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, 1941\u2032de Naziler Rusya\u2019ya sald\u0131rarak Leningrad\u2019\u0131 ku\u015fatt\u0131lar. Uzun s\u00fcren ku\u015fatma neticesinde, Alman askerleri so\u011fuk k\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131na dayanamayarak ma\u011flup oldular. Bundan sonraki iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde Ruslar, Almanlar\u0131 Do\u011fu Avrupa ve Balkanlar\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar, \u0130kinci Cihan sava\u015f\u0131ndan Ruslar\u0131n galip \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz ve Amerikan yard\u0131mlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n Stalin\u2019in \u00f6lmesiyle yerine ge\u00e7en Kuru\u015f\u00e7ev idaresindeki Moskova diktas\u0131, Polonyal\u0131lar\u0131n ve Macarlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bask\u0131 ile kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kuru\u015f\u00e7ev\u2019in yerine Leonid Brejnev ge\u00e7ti. Bu s\u0131rada \u00c7ekoslovak h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin liberalist faaliyetleri g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in, Macaristan\u2019da yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi 1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rus askerleri \u00c7ekoslovakya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etti. Tank paletleri insan cesetleri \u00fczerinde d\u00f6nerek, milyonlarca insan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n D\u00fcnyay\u0131 hakimiyeti alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in silahlanan Rusya, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkesinde kom\u00fcnist te\u015fkilatlar kurarak, d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit ederken, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerde de i\u00e7 sava\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep oldu. Memleket i\u00e7indeki iktidar de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi darbe ve kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klardan istifade ederek 1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afganistan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etti. Afganl\u0131 m\u00fccahidlerin direnmesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck silah g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip Rus ordusu, ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famam\u0131\u015f ve a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar vererek g\u00fc\u00e7 durumlara d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Gorba\u00e7ov, 1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda glasnost (a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k) ve perestroika (yeniden yap\u0131lanma) politikas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. \u00dclkeyi meydana getiren 15 cumhuriyetle ilk \u00e7ok partili se\u00e7imler yap\u0131ld\u0131. 17 Mart 1991 referandumunda %77 se\u00e7men Rusya Federasyonu i\u00e7in evet oyu kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n Rusya Federasyonu ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Boris Yeltsin se\u00e7ildi. 19 A\u011fustos 1991\u2032de Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 darbe d\u00fczenleyen ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Gennadi Yanayev ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki 8 \u00fcyeli Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Hal Komitesi y\u00f6netime el koydu. Gorba\u00e7ov K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019daki yazl\u0131k evine hapsedildi. Rusya Federasyonu lideri Boris Yeltsin ve halk darbeye kar\u015f\u0131 koyunca Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Hal Komitesi feshedildi ve darbeciler 21 A\u011fustos g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fclkeyi terk ettiler. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn Sovyet parlamentosu Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019u resmen yeniden ba\u015fkanl\u0131k g\u00f6revine getirdi. Bunu takip eden g\u00fcnlerde Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni meydana getiren cumhuriyetler ard\u0131ard\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan ettiler.<\/p>\n 8 Aral\u0131kta Rusya Federasyonu, Beyaz Rusya ve Ukrayna bir araya gelerek Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Devletler Toplulu\u011funu meydana getirdiler. 17 Aral\u0131k 1991\u2032de Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov ile Boris Yeltsin 31 Aral\u0131k 1991\u2032de Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011finin resmen da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verdiler. Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov emekliye ayr\u0131ld\u0131 ve yerine Yeltsin devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirildi. Balt\u0131k Cumhuriyetleri hari\u00e7 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan eden di\u011fer cumhuriyetler Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Devletler Toplulu\u011funa kat\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi tarihe kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n 1993 ba\u015flar\u0131nda parlamento ile ters d\u00fc\u015fen Yeltsin, parlamentoyu feshederek erken se\u00e7im karar\u0131 ald\u0131. Bunu tan\u0131mayan parlamenterlerin baz\u0131lar\u0131 ve kom\u00fcnistler Beyaz Ev denen Rusya Parlamentosunu i\u015fgal etti. Askeri g\u00fc\u00e7lerin bask\u0131s\u0131yla i\u015fgalciler parlamentoyu bo\u015faltt\u0131lar ve Yeltsin\u2019in isteklerini kabul ettiler. 12 Aral\u0131k 1993 g\u00fcn\u00fc erken genel se\u00e7im yap\u0131ld\u0131. Hi\u00e7bir parti tek ba\u015f\u0131na iktidara gelecek sandalye say\u0131s\u0131 kazanamad\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" e-hayat.net Rusya’nın bilinen tarihi 5. yüzyılda batıdan Rusya topraklarına giren Slav kabileleriyle başlar. İlk Rus devleti 9. yüzyılda İskandinavyalılar tarafından kuruldu. Devletin merkezi Novgrod ve Kiev’deydi. On üçüncü yüzyılda ülke toprakları Moğolların saldırılarına uğradı. Bundan sonra Moskova prenslikleri ve büyük dükleri idaresinde ortaya çıkmaya başlayan ülke 1480 yılında Altınordu Devletinin hakimiyetinden kurtuldu. On beşinci asırda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[79],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5321","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-rusya-federasyonu","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5321","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5321"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5321\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5339,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5321\/revisions\/5339"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5321"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5321"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5321"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}