![\"\"](\"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/ABHAZ-HALK-SARKILARI-b.png\")
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Meri Ha\u015fba Abhaz halk\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131z \u015fark\u0131dan olu\u015fan bir hazineyi belle\u011finde saklamakta, a\u011f\u0131zdan a\u011fza, ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lan bu \u015fark\u0131lar onun ulusal zenginli\u011fini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Abhaz halk\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan \u015fark\u0131lar, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ustal\u0131kla onun manevi g\u00fczelli\u011fini, psikolojisini, d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc, ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imini ve ki\u015fili\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor.\u201dAbhazlar\u0131n her ya\u015famsal olay i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f \u00f6zel bir \u015fark\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r\u2019\u2019<\/strong> diye yaz\u0131yor N.S Cana\u015fya.<\/p>\n Abhazlar\u0131n m\u00fczikal halkbiliminin \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne P.Suvarov, N.Albov, K.F.Gan, A.Mile ve Romen Pollan da i\u015faret ediyor. Maksim Gorki 1928\u2019de Abhazya\u2019da bulundu\u011fu s\u0131rada b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgeleri dola\u015ft\u0131; Abhazlar\u0131n ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imiyle, gelenekleriyle, \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131yla ve oyunlar\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinin etkisiyle \u015fu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 kaleme ald\u0131: \u2018\u2019B\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019y\u0131, Amerika\u2019y\u0131 dola\u015ft\u0131m, bir\u00e7ok halk\u0131n \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 dinledim, ancak b\u00f6ylesine co\u015fkulu ve insan\u0131 saran \u015fark\u0131lar hi\u00e7 duymad\u0131m. \u00c7ok g\u00fczel, harika \u015fark\u0131lar…\u2019\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n Abhaz halk \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131, eski d\u00f6nemlerden beri Abhazya topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131n m\u00fczikal folkloruyla s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011flar\u0131 olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00f6zg\u00fcn tarz\u0131n\u0131, ulusal karakterini belirleyen ve y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6ncesinden ta\u015f\u0131narak getirilen \u00f6zelliklerini korudu.<\/p>\n Abhaz halk \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fcksek anlat\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fc olan resitatif, vokal melodi sentezi \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r. Abhaz halk melodilerinin uyumlu, a\u011f\u0131r ve h\u00fcz\u00fcnl\u00fc temposu do\u011fal olarak anlat\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekle d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Halk \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n melodileri canl\u0131 insan konu\u015fmas\u0131na yak\u0131n vokal ve resitatif tonlama zenginli\u011fi i\u00e7inde toplar; bu da Abhaz halk melodilerinin \u00e7izgilerinden biridir.<\/p>\n Abhaz halk \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131na genellikle tek bir c\u00fcmleden olu\u015fan, veciz s\u00f6zl\u00fc metinler e\u015flik eder. Bu c\u00fcmleleri \u00e7evirisi yap\u0131lamayan s\u00f6zler ve nidalar izler ve \u015fark\u0131n\u0131n heyecan d\u00fczeyini ayarlar. \u015eark\u0131 i\u00e7eri\u011finin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 ise \u015fark\u0131c\u0131 anlat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131nda verilir.<\/p>\n Abhazlar\u0131n m\u00fczikal folklorunda \u201cAuou\u201d<\/strong>. \u201cAzar\u201d<\/strong>, \u201cAtlar\u00e7ora\u201d<\/strong>, \u201cDziuou\u201d<\/strong>, \u201cAtsunuh\u201d<\/strong> gibi eski putperest k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ili\u015fkin relikt (fosil) \u015fark\u0131lar korunmu\u015ftur. Bunlar\u0131n stilistik \u00f6zellikleri ve i\u015flevsel g\u00f6revleri, Abhazlar\u0131n m\u00fczikal folklorunda, \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131n M.\u00d6\u2019den beri geli\u015fmi\u015f formlara sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Daha ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nem melodik yap\u0131lar ise geli\u015fmi\u015flikleri ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 ile ayr\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Abhaz halk m\u00fczi\u011fi, t\u00f6rensel, tarihsel \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ve sosyal ili\u015fkilerle ilgili \u015fark\u0131lar i\u00e7erir. Nart Destanlar\u0131\u2019nda ve halk kahramanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki bir\u00e7ok \u015fark\u0131da i\u015flenen kahramanl\u0131k temas\u0131, m\u00fczikal folklorda da \u00f6zel bir yer tutar. Abhazlar\u0131n kahramanl\u0131k konular\u0131na e\u011filimi tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015fleriyle, \u00e7etin ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131yla,halk\u0131n ulusal karakterini belirleyen y\u00fcksek ahlaki de\u011ferlerle ve parlak, \u00f6zg\u00fcn m\u00fczik sanat\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Abhazya, co\u011frafi konumu ve \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 iklimiyle eskiden beri Grek\u2019ler, Romal\u0131lar, \u0130skit\u2019ler, Bizasnl\u0131lar, Arap\u2019lar ve T\u00fcrk\u2019ler gibi bir\u00e7ok istilac\u0131y\u0131 kendine \u00e7ekiyordu. Yabanc\u0131 i\u015fgalcilerle yap\u0131lan sonu gelmez sava\u015flar Abhazlar\u0131n yurtseverlik duygusunu besledi ve halk\u0131n belle\u011finde, en iyi insani nitelikler atfedilen bir halk kahraman\u0131n\u0131 \u2018\u2019Af\u0131rhatsa\u2019\u2019<\/strong>y\u0131 do\u011furdu. Kahramanl\u0131k \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131, sava\u015fta yi\u011fitlik g\u00f6stermeleri i\u00e7in sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lara ilham veriyordu.<\/p>\n Avc\u0131 \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131 da kahramanl\u0131k \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcne girmektedir. Ge\u00e7it vermez ormanlar, a\u015f\u0131lmaz kayal\u0131klar, sarp da\u011f bo\u011fazlar\u0131, delice akan \u0131rmaklar, \u00e7a\u011flayanlar\u0131n ba\u015fd\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc y\u00fcksekli\u011fi Abhaz avc\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n dayanma g\u00fcc\u00fc ve cesaret kazanmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyordu.<\/p>\n Abhazlar\u0131n karakteristik ulusal \u00f6zelliklerinden biri de \u2018\u2019alam\u0131svicdan\u2019\u2019 kavram\u0131d\u0131r. Gen\u00e7 bir s\u00fcl\u00fcne k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck halk\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc atfedip onunla \u2018\u2019kim kimi \u00e7ekecek\u2019\u2019<\/strong> diye m\u00fccadeleye girdi\u011finde kazanan s\u00fcl\u00fcn olabilir, avc\u0131y\u0131 kendi taraf\u0131na \u00e7ekebilir, elbette e\u011fer Abhaz\u2019\u0131n kalbinde \u201calam\u0131s\u201d ya\u015f\u0131yorsa; iki y\u00fcz \u00f6k\u00fcz bile onu yerinden oynatamaz.<\/p>\n M. LAKRBA\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n K. Gan \u2018\u2019Abhazlar\u2019\u0131n ahlaki de\u011ferleri y\u00fcksektir, anne ve babalar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterirler\u2019 diye yaz\u0131yor. Geleneklere g\u00f6re Abhaz kad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n insanlara duygular\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ve kocas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan a\u011flamas\u0131 ay\u0131pt\u0131r. \u0130lgin\u00e7tir ki Abhazlar\u0131n m\u00fczikal folklorunda ninniler a\u011f\u0131tlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kad\u0131n \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131 yoktur. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar toplu olarak kahramanl\u0131k \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131n yerini, anlat\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak \u00f6zelliklerini, melodi ve armoni dilinin yo\u011funlu\u011funu belirliyordu.<\/p>\n Abhaz m\u00fczikal folklorunda kahramanl\u0131k edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n en eski \u00f6rneklerinden biri Nart Destanlar\u0131<\/strong>\u2019d\u0131r. Nart Destanlar\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n ana temas\u0131 halk\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Epik konulu halk m\u00fczi\u011finde en g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan fig\u00fcr, insanlara mutluluk ta\u015f\u0131yan sava\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u2018\u2019Abr\u0131skil\u2019\u2019<\/strong>dir; hakk\u0131nda bir \u015fark\u0131 vard\u0131r. Abr\u0131skil Abhaz Promethe<\/strong>\u2019sidir, ak\u0131l g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ve adaletin sembol\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Abhazlar\u0131n m\u00fczikal folklorunda kahramanl\u0131k edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n bir sonraki a\u015famas\u0131 tarihi-kahramanl\u0131k t\u00fcr\u00fc ile ilgilidir. Bu \u015fark\u0131lar Abhaz halk kahramanlar\u0131: P\u015fkya\u00e7-ipa Man\u00e7a<\/strong>, Danakay<\/strong>, \u0130napha,<\/strong> Kyagua<\/strong>, M\u0131staf \u00c7olakua <\/strong>ve Hacarat Kyahba<\/strong> ile ilgilidir. Bu \u015fark\u0131larda halk\u0131n koruyuculu\u011funu yapan, cesur, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc iradeli insanlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn\u00fc karakteri konu edilir. \u00c7ok s\u0131k olarak bu \u015fark\u0131larda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f kahramanlar\u0131n yi\u011fitlikleri \u00f6v\u00fcl\u00fcr. Burada, yaln\u0131z konularda de\u011fil, m\u00fczikal anlat\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda da halk a\u011f\u0131t\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc ile ba\u011flant\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Kahramanlar kahraman\u0131 \u2018\u2019Af\u0131rhatsa\u2019\u2019<\/strong>n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131, Aphartsa\u2019\u2019 e\u015fli\u011finde s\u00f6ylenen bir dizi \u2018\u2019yaral\u0131 \u015fark\u0131s\u0131\u2019\u2019<\/strong> genellikle a\u011f\u0131r yaralananlar taraf\u0131ndan sava\u015f meydan\u0131nda s\u00f6ylenirdi. Vatan\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kutsal g\u00f6revini hakk\u0131yla yerine getirdikten sonra Af\u0131rhatsa da dudaklar\u0131nda bir \u015fark\u0131yla ya\u015fama veda ediyordu.<\/p>\n Abhazlar\u0131n m\u00fczikal folklorunu derleyen N. KAVA\u00c7 \u2018\u2019Kalplerinde ve zihinlerinde kendili\u011finden do\u011fan \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131 s\u00f6ylerken \u00f6len, hastan\u0131n ba\u015fucunda h\u00fcz\u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fark\u0131lar s\u00f6yleyen bu insanlar en derin sayg\u0131ya de\u011fer, kahraman insanlard\u0131r\u2019\u2019<\/strong> diye yaz\u0131yor. ;<\/p>\n \u015eark\u0131lar\u0131n melodik \u00e7izgisi i\u00e7in karakteristik olan, y\u00fcksek ses perdesinde tutunma \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fark\u0131ya dramatizm ve t\u0131n\u0131 co\u015fkusu katan karakteristik ses titre\u015fimi yarat\u0131r. Melodik \u00e7izginin, y\u00fckselen kuartet (d\u00f6rtl\u00fc) \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flarla birle\u015fen ini\u015f hareketi, \u015fark\u0131lara kahramanl\u0131k ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck havas\u0131 verir. Kahramanl\u0131k \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7okseslili\u011finin karakteristik t\u00fcr\u00fc, burdon ve kompleks t\u00fcr\u00fc ikisesliliktir. \u015eark\u0131lar\u0131n perde d\u00fczeni son derece berrakt\u0131r, bu t\u00fcr \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131n karakteristik makam\u0131 miksolidik ve frigiktir.<\/p>\n Halk \u015fark\u0131s\u0131 gelene\u011fini ya\u015fl\u0131 ku\u015fak temsilcileri korumaktad\u0131rlar; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan arta kalan zamanlarda toplanarak \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6ylerken \u00e7okseslilik i\u00e7erisinde m\u00fckemmel bir ahenk ve ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yakalamaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n \u2018\u2019\u015eark\u0131lar a\u011f\u0131zdan a\u011f\u0131za, ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa ge\u00e7iyor ve zamanla de\u011fi\u015fiyor; bazen de ba\u015fka bir \u015fark\u0131ya ek olarak kat\u0131l\u0131yor; ve sonu\u00e7ta \u015fark\u0131lar yazar\u0131 yaln\u0131z halk olan manzum yap\u0131tlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n Aphartsa:<\/strong> \u0130ki telli,yayl\u0131 Abhaz ulusal \u00e7alg\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Meri Haşba Müzikbilimci, Kavkaz Kültürel Dergi 1993 Abhaz halkı sayısız şarkıdan oluşan bir hazineyi belleğinde saklamakta, ağızdan ağza, kuşaktan kuşağa aktarılan bu şarkılar onun ulusal zenginliğini oluşturmaktadır. Abhaz halkının yaşamının ayrılmaz bir parçası olan şarkılar, büyük bir ustalıkla onun manevi güzelliğini, psikolojisini, dünya görüşünü, yaşam biçimini ve kişiliğini gözler önüne seriyor.”Abhazların her yaşamsal olay için 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\n<\/span><\/b>M\u00fczikbilimci, Kavkaz K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Dergi 1993<\/p>\n