{"id":7444,"date":"2020-03-07T21:08:46","date_gmt":"2020-03-08T03:08:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=7444"},"modified":"2021-09-09T18:15:04","modified_gmt":"2021-09-09T23:15:04","slug":"aidiyetini-yitirmis-yurttaslar-cumhuriyeti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/aidiyetini-yitirmis-yurttaslar-cumhuriyeti\/","title":{"rendered":"A\u0130D\u0130YET\u0130N\u0130 Y\u0130T\u0130RM\u0130\u015e YURTTA\u015eLAR CUMHUR\u0130YET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Enver Aysever <\/b><\/span>
\n<\/span> Cumhuriyet Gazetesi,\u00a0 13 Nisan 2008<\/span><\/p>\n

‘Milliyet\u00e7ilik’ toplumlar\u0131 ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran, \u00fcstelik kal\u0131c\u0131 kin ve \u00f6fke do\u011furan, ilkel bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck savlarla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan, i\u00e7i bo\u015f ve genellikle cehaletten beslenerek yanda\u015f bulan bu hastal\u0131k, toplumlar\u0131n ruhsal \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Kendine g\u00fcveni olmayan toplumlar\u0131n, hamaset yoluyla bir arada olma gayretinin bir sonucudur.<\/p>\n

Herhangi bir tak\u0131m\u0131 tutmak, bir fan-kul\u00fcp \u00fcyesi olmak kadar bile \u00f6nemi, de\u011feri yoktur. Bir tak\u0131m tutmak i\u00e7in birini di\u011ferine ye\u011flemek; \u00f6rne\u011fin bir sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n kul\u00fcb\u00fcnde yer almak i\u00e7in, o ki\u015finin di\u011ferlerinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu kavrayacak bir bilince, be\u011feniye sahip olmak gerekir. Oysa bir milletin \u00fcyesi olmak do\u011fu\u015ftan gelir, \u00fcstelik hi\u00e7bir \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterme gereksinimi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n edinilir.<\/p>\n

Ernest Gellner, milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin politik bir tan\u0131m, tercih oldu\u011funu ortaya koyar. Buna g\u00f6re; milletler Tanr\u0131 vergisi, do\u011fal olu\u015fumlar, tasnifler de\u011fildir. Sonradan olu\u015fturulan politik bir konumland\u0131rmad\u0131r. Kimi zaman milletler ortak k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerden olu\u015fur, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman icat edilmek zorunda kal\u0131n\u0131r. San\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi millet ve milliyet\u00e7ilik kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi eski de\u011fildir. S\u00f6z konusu olan gen\u00e7 ve pek \u00e7ok zaaf\u0131 olan bir \u00f6\u011fretidir.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda do\u011fu\u015ftan edinilen bir millete ait olma durumu, sonradan kurgulanm\u0131\u015f bir siyasi tasar\u0131m\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kutsiyet atfedilen bu durum, g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 hallere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektedir insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131. Do\u011faya \u015f\u00f6yle bir bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda hayvanlar aras\u0131nda ne bayraktan, ne s\u0131n\u0131rlardan, ne de herhangi bir kutsal duyguda\u015fl\u0131ktan s\u00f6z edilemez. S\u00f6z konusu olan Hobsbawm’\u0131n dedi\u011fi gibi; politik, teknik, idari, ekonomik ve di\u011fer gerek\u00e7elerden olu\u015fan bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hobsbawm milletlerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak tepeden olu\u015fturulmu\u015f bir kurgu oldu\u011funa i\u015faret eder. S\u0131radan insan\u0131n milli olmas\u0131 gerekmemektedir. Ona bu sorumlulu\u011fu, rol\u00fc ve g\u00f6revi y\u00fckleyen bir b\u00fcy\u00fck toplumsal tasar\u0131m pe\u015finde olan g\u00fcc\u00fcn tercihidir.<\/p>\n

Bizim \u00fclkemiz aidiyet duygusunu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yitiren insanlardan olu\u015fmakta, bu durum giderek k\u00f6kten ayr\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 do\u011furmaktad\u0131r. Modern ve ekonomiyi bi\u00e7imlendiren orta s\u0131n\u0131f, beyaz yakal\u0131lar; kendi ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n darald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, laik devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yerini muhafazak\u00e2r ve dindarla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir bi\u00e7ime terk etti\u011fini g\u00f6rmekte ve bu yeni olu\u015fan devlet foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine kendilerini koyamamaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck oranda dindar ve az okumu\u015f insanlardan olu\u015fan; belki esnaf, zanaatk\u00e2r diyebilece\u011fimiz ve yeni bir sermaye olu\u015fumuyla birlikte g\u00fcndeme gelen bir di\u011fer insan toplulu\u011fu da bu aidiyet duygusunu ya hi\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131mam\u0131\u015f ya da \u00e7oktan yitirmi\u015ftir. Modern-laik yap\u0131daki T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti hi\u00e7bir zaman onlar\u0131 ifade etmemi\u015ftir. \u00dcstelik bug\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011funluk olarak iktidar olmu\u015flar, ancak bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc muktedir olmay\u0131 ba\u015faramam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ok zamand\u0131r dillerini, k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini ya\u015fama noktas\u0131nda zalimce engellemelere maruz kalm\u0131\u015f K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfus, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen dengeleriyle birlikte ait olma duygusunu art\u0131k hepten yitirmi\u015ftir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte pek \u00e7ok \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz k\u00f6y yakmalar, bok yedirmeler, dayak, i\u015fkence uygulamalar\u0131 bu insanlar\u0131 temelsiz bir ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn kuca\u011f\u0131na atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6lgesel geli\u015fmeler, k\u00fcresel kapitalizmin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olacak bir ba\u015fka milliyet\u00e7i devletin, K\u00fcrt devletinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na olanak vermekte ve bu insanlar yan\u0131lg\u0131yla bir milliyet\u00e7i bask\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretisinden, di\u011ferine ge\u00e7i\u015f yapma e\u011filimindedirler.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 s\u00f6zleri kolayl\u0131kla inan\u00e7lar\u0131 gere\u011fi \u00f6tekile\u015fmi\u015f, d\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015f Alevi toplumu i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylemek olanakl\u0131d\u0131r. Tuhaf olan; bu b\u00fcy\u00fck, hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r kitlenin Osmanl\u0131 zulm\u00fcne tepkiyle, yeni kurulan Cumhuriyete b\u00fcy\u00fck inan\u00e7la sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n; gen\u00e7 Cumhuriyetin bask\u0131c\u0131 S\u00fcnni-Hanefi uygulamalar\u0131yla ezilmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eimdilerde iktidarla\u015fan Nak\u015fi gelene\u011fi bu insanlar\u0131n aidiyet duygusunu derinden zedelemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kimsenin kendisini sahibi, mutlu ve ait hissetmedi\u011fi bir devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n dik durmas\u0131, ilelebet payidar kalmas\u0131 olanakl\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n

Bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131 i\u00e7in yine k\u00fcresel z\u0131rvalar\u0131n yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak gerekir. T\u00fcm bu insanlar\u0131n bir arada ya\u015fama iradesine sahip olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli gerek\u00e7eler bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ekonomist Friedrich List, geni\u015f kaynaklarla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfuslu ve geni\u015f bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131na sahip olman\u0131n, milliyetin esas gere\u011fi oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devletlerin ayr\u0131 bir dili olsa bile sanat\u0131n ve bilimin geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in derme \u00e7atma kurumlara sahip olabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor ve ekliyor; “k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir devlet kendi topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00fcretimin \u00e7e\u015fitli dallar\u0131nda asla tam anlam\u0131yla yetkinle\u015femez.”<\/p>\n

Hobsbawm ulus-devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirmekten geri durmam\u0131\u015f; yine de Leninist-Wilsoncu bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n, toplumlar\u0131n kendi yazg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tayin etme hakk\u0131n\u0131n yirmi birinci y\u00fczy\u0131la \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretmekte sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar vermeyece\u011fine i\u015faret etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Tek kutuplu, k\u00fcresel kapitalizmin kuca\u011f\u0131ndaki d\u00fcnya sosyalistleri ulus-devletleri yeniden kurgulayarak yola \u00e7\u0131kmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ulus-devletler hen\u00fcz \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc doldurmam\u0131\u015f, tersine k\u00fcresel \u015fiddete kar\u015f\u0131 bir diren\u00e7 noktas\u0131 olarak yeniden g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7okdillili\u011fin, \u00e7okk\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, \u00e7okdinlili\u011fin \u00f6nemini kavrayarak; ortak yazg\u0131ya mahk\u00fbm insanlar olman\u0131n, ayn\u0131 co\u011frafyaya ayak basmaktan kaynakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu t\u00fcm gruplar yeniden kavramak zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hangi milletten oldu\u011fumuzun \u00f6neminin kalmayaca\u011f\u0131 \u015fiddet g\u00fcnleri kap\u0131m\u0131za dayanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Enver Aysever Cumhuriyet Gazetesi,  13 Nisan 2008 ‘Milliyetçilik’ toplumları ayrıştıran, üstelik kalıcı kin ve öfke doğuran, ilkel bir hastalıktır. Büyük savlarla ortaya çıkan, içi boş ve genellikle cehaletten beslenerek yandaş bulan bu hastalık, toplumların ruhsal çöküntüsünün bir göstergesidir. Kendine güveni olmayan toplumların, hamaset yoluyla bir arada olma gayretinin bir sonucudur. Herhangi bir takımı tutmak, bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kultur-ana-sayfa","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7444","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7444"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7444\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21071,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7444\/revisions\/21071"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7444"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7444"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7444"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}