{"id":7596,"date":"2019-03-08T15:06:47","date_gmt":"2019-03-08T15:06:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=7596"},"modified":"2019-03-08T15:07:36","modified_gmt":"2019-03-08T15:07:36","slug":"cerkes-hasirlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/cerkes-hasirlari\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7ERKES HASIRLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

NOLA Zaur<\/strong>
\n<\/span><\/span> Nal\u00e7ik 1991
\n\u00c7eviri: Erg\u00fcn Y\u0131ld\u0131z<\/p>\n

Has\u0131r’\u0131n ne zaman ve hangi toplulukta ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bu g\u00fcn pek kimsenin bildi\u011fini sanm\u0131yorum.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c7ok \u00f6nceki uzak d\u00f6nemlerde insano\u011flunun gereksinimi nedeni ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu beceri zaman i\u00e7erisinde geli\u015ferek neredeyse bir sanat dal\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bug\u00fcn elimizde bulunan eski ve yeni has\u0131rlar\u0131 bir arada inceleyip ikisi aras\u0131nda bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda o d\u00f6nemlerde basit sergi ama\u00e7l\u0131 ile kullan\u0131lan has\u0131r\u0131n bu g\u00fcn yap\u0131lanlar ile k\u0131yaslanamayacak kadar farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ok eski has\u0131rlar \u00e7o\u011funlukla kam\u0131\u015flar\u0131n birbirine tutturulmas\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan d\u00fcz ve basit modeller oldu\u011fu halde daha ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nemlere ili\u015fkin has\u0131rlar\u0131n gerek yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi, gerek modelleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daha karma\u015f\u0131k ve farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz. \u0130lk\u00a0 yap\u0131lan has\u0131rlar\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde daha \u00f6nce s\u00f6zetti\u011fimiz ba\u011flama modelini izleyen d\u00f6nemde, \u00f6nce dikey \u00f6r\u00fclen modeller sonra kam\u0131\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7apraz \u00f6r\u00fclmesi ile yap\u0131lan modeller geliyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsano\u011flu ya\u015fama, yiyecek ve giyinme gereksinimini kar\u015f\u0131lay\u0131p g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u015fyalara y\u00f6neldik\u00e7e ve bu gereksinime ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman artt\u0131k\u00e7a \u00fcrettikleri de onun anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na paralel olarak geli\u015fmeye, g\u00fczelle\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcm el sanatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 budur ve bu durum insano\u011flunun geli\u015fimi i\u00e7erisinde demiri i\u015fleyen i\u00e7in de, a\u011fac\u0131 i\u015fleyen i\u00e7in de giysi yapan i\u00e7in de gereksinim i\u00e7in \u00fcretilenlerin sanata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine do\u011fru yolalan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.
\n
\n<\/span><\/b> \u0130\u015fte bu nedenle, bu g\u00fcn s\u00f6z etti\u011fimiz eski has\u0131rlar t\u0131pk\u0131 eski elsanatlar\u0131m\u0131z, oyunlar\u0131m\u0131z, s\u00f6ylencelerimiz, eski halk \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z gibi bir halkbilimsel de\u011ferdir.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Has\u0131r\u0131n yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 k\u0131saca \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

Islak kam\u0131\u015flar g\u00f6lgede ancak i\u00e7lerinin k\u00fcflenip rutubetlenmemesi i\u00e7in r\u00fczgar g\u00f6rebilece\u011fi bir yerde kurutulur. Daha sonra bu kam\u0131\u015flar bir \u00e7izik halinde yar\u0131larak iyice gev\u015feyinceye kadar suyun i\u00e7erisinde yumu\u015fat\u0131l\u0131r. Sonrada tezgaha yap\u0131lacak has\u0131r\u0131n enine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak dikey kam\u0131\u015flar gerilir ve \u00e7er\u00e7evesi \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00c7er\u00e7evenin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6nceki modellerden herhangi birisi kullan\u0131labilir (deri \u00e7evrimler, kesmeler, \u00e7apraz baklava dilimleri, bal\u0131ks\u0131rt\u0131, desteklenmi\u015f \u00e7ubuklar ve birbirine bakan yar\u0131maylar bi\u00e7iminde \u00e7e\u015fitli modeller vard\u0131r). Bundan sonras\u0131 ise has\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6ren ki\u015finin hayalg\u00fcc\u00fc ve i\u00e7d\u00fcnyas\u0131na kalm\u0131\u015f bir \u015feydir, isterse basit bir \u00f6rg\u00fc ile isterse karma\u015f\u0131k \u00f6rg\u00fc ve modellerle i\u015fler.<\/p>\n

Has\u0131r yap\u0131m\u0131 da t\u0131pk\u0131 demir i\u015fleme, a\u011fa\u00e7 ve deri i\u015fleme, alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f i\u015fleme sanat\u0131 gibi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da insan\u0131n ve \u00f6zelliklede ev han\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n bilip u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 bir beceri olarak devam edegelmi\u015ftir<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ilgiye kar\u015f\u0131n bug\u00fcn birer sanat yap\u0131t\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilecek g\u00fczellikte has\u0131rlar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu materyallerin halk sanat\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferini anlay\u0131p onlar\u0131 korumaya alacak, biraraya toplayacak insanlar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar korunabilenler varolan\u0131n \u00e7ok az bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu g\u00fcn koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve m\u00fczede sergilenen has\u0131r say\u0131s\u0131 60 kadard\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131n en eskisi 1862 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcz\u00fclerek s\u00f6ylemeliyim ki daha \u00f6ncesine ili\u015fik elimizde hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu g\u00fcn elimizde var olan has\u0131rlar\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde bu sanat\u0131n iki ayr\u0131 stilde devam ederek bu g\u00fcne geldi\u011fi san\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

Bunlardan daha eski oldu\u011funu sand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z stilde kurutulmu\u015f kam\u0131\u015flar\u0131n yaln\u0131z belirli bir k\u0131sm\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ve tamam\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik modellerle i\u015flenmi\u015f olan stildir. Bu bi\u00e7im daha \u00e7ok Kabardey b\u00f6lgesinde yap\u0131lan has\u0131rla da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in bunu Kabardey modeli olarak da adland\u0131rabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Urukh k\u00f6y\u00fcnden Dz\u0131hm\u0131\u015f Merjan’\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 93cmx2m \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerinde olan bu\u011fday rengine yak\u0131n ortas\u0131 boydan boya \u00e7apraz \u00f6rg\u00fc ve ince bo\u011fumlar bi\u00e7iminde, kenarlar\u0131 baklava dilimi \u015feklinde \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve \u00f6rg\u00fcleri deri \u00e7evrimlerle sarmalanarak kesmelerle bitirilmi\u015f olan has\u0131r s\u00f6z etti\u011fimiz bi\u00e7ime g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rnek olarak korunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 stilde ancak de\u011fi\u015fik modellerde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan S\u0131nd\u0131kue Latse, Bev\u0131kue Fatimet, Sosmak Mariya ve B\u0131rsekue Kule’nin yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 has\u0131rlar da bu stilin de\u011fi\u015fik \u00f6rnekleri olarak elimizdedir.<\/p>\n

Adige has\u0131rlar\u0131nda dikkati \u00e7eken en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zellik kompozisyonu olu\u015fturan modellerin aras\u0131ndaki simetrik uyum ve dengenin sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak zaman zaman bu disiplinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan istisnalarda yok de\u011fildir.\u00d6rne\u011fin K\u0131e\u015f| F.\u2019nin has\u0131rlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu bi\u00e7imlere en iyi \u00f6rnektir. Onun dikey d\u00fc\u015fey \u00e7ift \u00f6rg\u00fclerle olu\u015fturdu\u011fu modeller ilk bak\u0131\u015fta di\u011ferlerinden farkl\u0131 ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda ustaca bir el eme\u011fi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011funu farkettirir.<\/p>\n

Bu modellerin kayna\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir bilgi sahibi de\u011filim ama yinede bunun eski has\u0131rlar aras\u0131nda tamamen farkl\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 bir boyut oldu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

Bizim ikinci stil olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z modeller ise bir ka\u00e7 renkten olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar g\u00fcne\u015fte y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131da sarart\u0131lan sar\u0131 renk, \u00e7amurumsu bir suyun i\u00e7erisinde bekletilerek verilen kahverengi, ya da yine benzer bir suyun i\u00e7erisinde bitki boyalar\u0131 ile renklendirilen ye\u015filin ve mavinin tonlar\u0131 olu\u015fturulur. Ayn\u0131 derinin boyanmas\u0131 gibi boyanarak renk verilen siyahtan olu\u015fan ve modelleri belirginle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in i\u00e7erisinde zaman zaman ince \u00e7ubuklar beyaz ya da siyah y\u00fcn kullan\u0131lan has\u0131r \u00f6rme bi\u00e7imidir. Bu tip has\u0131rlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda ka\u00e7 t\u00fcr malzeme kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda bir bilgi sahibi de\u011filim ancak bu g\u00fcn \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 malzemeden olu\u015fan has\u0131rlar elimizde vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ettiklerimin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Ps\u0131j b\u00f6lgesinde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm ve Adige stili olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan has\u0131rlarda model ve motiflerle yetinilmemi\u015f oldu\u011funu b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcnde ya da belirli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde resim i\u015flenmi\u015f has\u0131rlar yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Bizim -Argen- dedi\u011fimiz has\u0131r o b\u00f6lgede ve Adigeyde -Puable- olarak isimlendirilir, bence bizim de bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc dilimize alarak kullanmam\u0131z daha uygun gibi geliyor. Adige stiline g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rnek olarak K|un\u00e7\u0131kuehable’den Khut M.\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 has\u0131rdan biraz s\u00f6z etmek istiyorum. Kahverengi zemin \u00fczerinde \u00fcst k\u0131s\u0131mda siyah kam\u0131\u015flardan \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc; \u00fczerinde semaver, sa\u011f taraf\u0131nda taba\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki bir \u00e7ay barda\u011f\u0131, solunda \u015fekerli\u011fi olan ve alt\u0131nda iki tabure bulunan bir masa resmi yeral\u0131yor. Onun alt\u0131nda bir somya bi\u00e7imindeki yatak resmi olan bu has\u0131r\u0131n kenarlar\u0131 iki\u015fer \u00f6rg\u00fc bi\u00e7iminde yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru \u00e7\u0131karak \u00e7at\u0131 \u015feklini al\u0131yor ve en tepede ba\u011flan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Namazl\u0131k olarak \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olan bu has\u0131rda dine vurgu olarak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ibrik ve le\u011fen biraz daha arka planda kalacak bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, el sanatlar\u0131m\u0131za dini motifler de girmi\u015f olmakla birlikte bu t\u00fcr desenlerin ve temalar\u0131n genellikle \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kacak bask\u0131n motif olarak kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n

Yine ayn\u0131 izlenimi edinmemize neden olan bir ba\u015fka namazl\u0131kta Okep\u015fiy k\u00f6y\u00fcnde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen ancak kim taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lamayan has\u0131rd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Adige stilinin bir g\u00fczel \u00f6rne\u011fi de H. \u015eheplhokue’nin has\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Bu has\u0131rda di\u011ferleri gibi ortas\u0131nda resim i\u015flenmi\u015f alt k\u0131sm\u0131 baklava dilimleri bi\u00e7iminde alt\u0131n sar\u0131s\u0131 kenarlar\u0131 ve ortas\u0131 siyah dikey \u00f6rg\u00fclerle boydan boya ge\u00e7en \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 bi\u00e7imin birle\u015ftirildi\u011fi g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcz\u00fclerek s\u00f6ylemek zorunday\u0131m ki Adige el sanatlar\u0131 lay\u0131k oldu\u011fu de\u011feri g\u00f6rememekte el sanatlar\u0131na temel olan eski ev e\u015fyalar\u0131 gere\u011fi gibi korunmamaktad\u0131r. Eski metal i\u015flemeler, alt\u0131n simli \u00c7erkes motifli giysiler, a\u011fa\u00e7 oymalar, deri i\u015flemeler, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar kamalar b\u0131\u00e7aklar ve benzeri e\u015fyalar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 unuttu\u011fumuz gibi varolanlar\u0131na da koruyam\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hayran oldu\u011fu \u00c7erkes giysileri bile art\u0131k kullan\u0131lmamakta yaln\u0131z folklorik bir \u00f6\u011fe bir tiyatro kost\u00fcm\u00fc olmaktan \u00f6te bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131mamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yine ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan hasat t\u00f6renleri; Vak|ue Yih|\u0131a (tohum atmak i\u00e7in tarla s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcnde ve hasat zaman\u0131 yap\u0131lan t\u00f6ren), Gu\u015f\u0131e Heph\u0131e (bebe\u011fin ilk be\u015fi\u011fe yat\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen t\u00f6ren), be\u015fik \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131, kahramanl\u0131k ve \u00f6nemli olaylar\u0131 anlatan \u015fark\u0131lar, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnlerimiz ve toplant\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z gibi pek \u00e7ok halkbilim de\u011ferimiz yitip gitmekte ve yokolmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erkes has\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 bu sayd\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131zdan biraz daha \u015fansl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu konuyu somut \u015fekilde desteklemektedir.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca \u011euk\u0131e Zamudin bu konuya \u00f6zel bir ilgi g\u00f6stererek eski Adige has\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 toplamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f hepsini fotograflam\u0131\u015f, olduk\u00e7a zengin bir ar\u015fiv ve koleksiyon olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Sanat\u00e7\u0131 daha da ileri bir ad\u0131m atarak K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n destekledi\u011fi “Argen”isimli bir atelye a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve bu sanat\u0131 yeniden canland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra 20\u2019den fazla \u00f6\u011frenci yeti\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu at\u00f6lyede g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz evlerinde kullan\u0131labilecek dekoratif has\u0131rlar, yolluklar, duvar panolar\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcr\u00fcnlerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc t\u00fcm Rusya genelinde sergilenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Adigey Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde Azemet Min Kutas, Adige has\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 toplay\u0131p m\u00fczeye koymu\u015f ve hepsini fotograflayarak bir alb\u00fcm haline getirip bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde K|u\u015f| Aslan\u2019da Adige has\u0131rlar\u0131na \u00f6zel bir ilgi duyarak bunlar\u0131n bir araya getirilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6vg\u00fcye de\u011fer bir \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu konuda bir de tan\u0131t\u0131m ama\u00e7l\u0131 kitap yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte bu giri\u015fimler Adige has\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve bu sanat\u0131n devam edece\u011fi konusundaki \u00fcmidimizi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NOLA Zaur Nalçik 1991 Çeviri: Ergün Yıldız Hasır’ın ne zaman ve hangi toplulukta ortaya çıktığını bu gün pek kimsenin bildiğini sanmıyorum. Çok önceki uzak dönemlerde insanoğlunun gereksinimi nedeni ile ortaya çıkan bu beceri zaman içerisinde gelişerek neredeyse bir sanat dalına dönüşmüştür. Bugün elimizde bulunan eski ve yeni hasırları bir arada inceleyip ikisi arasında bir karşılaştırma 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