{"id":7627,"date":"2019-03-08T16:31:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-08T16:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=7627"},"modified":"2019-03-08T16:31:00","modified_gmt":"2019-03-08T16:31:00","slug":"cerkes-halki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/cerkes-halki\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7ERKES HALKI"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Cemil Ba\u015faran<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7erkes, Karadeniz`den hazar denizine kadar olan Kuzey Kafkasya topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131n ortak ad\u0131d\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda bu tan\u0131mlanan b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan halklardan hi\u00e7<\/a>biri kendine “\u00c7erkes” ad\u0131n\u0131 vermiyor. \u00c7erkes daha \u00e7ok Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131na onlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndakilerin verdi\u011fi isim durumunda. ancak zaman i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00c7erkes topluluklar bu ad\u0131 da benimsemi\u015fler. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00fclkemizde Kuzey Kafkasya k\u00f6kenli halk<\/a> kesimleri kendine \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00c7erkes demektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erkes grubunu olu\u015fturan halklar kendi i\u00e7lerinde Adige, Abaza<\/a>, \u00c7e\u00e7en, Lezgi, Kara\u00e7ay, Balkarlar gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli adlar al\u0131rlar. \u00c7erkes halk<\/a>\u0131 i\u00e7inde hem M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, hem H\u0131ristiyan kesimler vard\u0131r. \u00dclkemizdeki \u00c7erkesler \u00e7o\u011funlukla M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kesimdendir. Ancak ortak dilleri, k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri, din farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nde gelir. \u00c7erkes gelenekleri dini geleneklerden a\u011f\u0131r basar.<\/p>\n

Pek \u00e7ok halk<\/a> gibi \u00c7erkesler de tarih<\/a> boyunca sava\u015flar, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler, yer de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7erkeslerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7leri Balkanlar, Anadolu<\/a> ve Arabistan\u2019ad\u0131r. Anadolu<\/a>\u2019daki \u00c7erkeslerin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 1880\u2019lerde balkanlardan zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7e tabi tutulup gelenlerdir. Esas\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7 Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irildi\u011fi 1860\u2019lardan ba\u015flar ve y\u00fcz binlerce \u00c7erkes Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na gelir. \u00c7erkeslerin Anadolu<\/a> topraklar\u0131ndaki ilk \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi 1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur. “\u00c7erkes Teav\u00fcn Cemiyeti” adl\u0131 bu kurulu\u015f \u0130stanbul\u2019da \u00c7erkesce e\u011fitim yapan bir okul a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, bir de Adigece bir gazete \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erkesler Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131<\/a>\u2019nda da aktif bi\u00e7imde yer al\u0131rlar. H\u00fcseyin Rauf Orbay\u2019dan \u00c7erkes Ethem\u2019e kadar Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Kafkas k\u00f6kenli pek \u00e7ok \u00f6nde gelen simas\u0131 vard\u0131r. M\u00fcdafa-i hukuk<\/a> Cemiyetleri\u2019nin y\u00f6neticileri i\u00e7inde \u00c7erkesler vard\u0131r. Mustafa Kemal, Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n “T\u00fcrk<\/a>, K\u00fcrt, Laz, \u00c7erkes t\u00fcm anas\u0131r-\u0131 \u0130slamiye\u2019nin ortak sava\u015f\u0131” oldu\u011funu belirtirken bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi de teslim eder.<\/p>\n

Ancak cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131ndan sonra bu ger\u00e7ek ters y\u00fcz edilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r. Art\u0131k di\u011fer uluslardan, milliyetlerden halklar\u0131n yok say\u0131lmas\u0131 zaman\u0131d\u0131r. “Ne mutlu T\u00fcrk<\/a>\u2019\u00fcm diyene” zaman\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1934 Soyad\u0131 Kanunu ile \u00c7erkeslerin geleneksel aile adlar\u0131n\u0131 soyad\u0131 olarak kullanmalar\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7erkesce k\u00f6y adlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f, “T\u00fcrk<\/a>\u00e7ele\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir”.<\/p>\n

1965 say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye`de \u00c7erkesce, Abhazca konu\u015ftu\u011funu belirten yakla\u015f\u0131k 130 bin ki\u015fi var. Ancak 70 ve 80\u2019li y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda t\u00fcm T\u00fcrkiye genelinde ya\u015fayan \u00c7erkeslerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyon oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. (bkz. P.A. Andrews, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Etnik<\/a> Gruplar, s. 237)<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7e\u015fitli anketlere g\u00f6re 900 kadar \u00c7erkes k\u00f6y\u00fc vard\u0131r. Ancak y\u0131l y\u0131l bu k\u00f6ylerin say\u0131s\u0131 azal\u0131p n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc asimilasyon<\/a> s\u00fcreci \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli boyutlar\u0131yla i\u015flemeye devam etmektedir. Belki y\u00fcze yak\u0131n da Kafkas k\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/a> derne\u011fi ya da benzeri adlar alt\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak ger\u00e7ekte bu derneklerin pek \u00e7o\u011fu ne ulusal bir kimlik<\/a> sava\u015f\u0131 vermekte, ne de halk<\/a> geleneklerinin, k\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/a>\u00fcn\u00fcn korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

En olumlular\u0131, en genel anlamda bir dayan\u0131\u015fma, “hem\u015fehrilik” \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleridir.<\/p>\n

Ortado\u011fu\u2019da \u00c7erkeslerin yo\u011fun olarak bulundu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fclke vard\u0131r; T\u00fcrkiye, Suriye ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn. Her \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnde de \u00c7erkeslerin kendi dillerinde \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rme, yay\u0131n yapma olanaklar\u0131 yoktur. Bu kiminde a\u00e7\u0131k yasaklarla sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, kiminde de asimilasyon<\/a> ve \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc bask\u0131larla. (Burada hemen Ortado\u011fu\u2019daki \u00c7erkeslerin durumuna ili\u015fkin \u0130srail\u2019deki birka\u00e7 \u00c7erkes k\u00f6y\u00fcnde Adige dilinde e\u011fitim veren okul bulundu\u011funu, ayr\u0131ca Kavkaz adl\u0131 bir Adige dergi \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtebiliriz.) K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/a> ve sosyal ya\u015fam a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da zengin bir halkt\u0131r \u00c7erkesler. Zenginlikleri tarih<\/a> boyunca Do\u011fu\u2019dan Bat\u0131\u2019ya pek \u00e7ok yere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f, farkl\u0131 uluslar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini de kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerine katm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. Ancak \u00c7erkeslerin as\u0131l k\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/a>\u00fc topra\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Kendi kendine yeten, yetmesi gereken bir ya\u015fam k\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/a>\u00fc olu\u015fmu\u015ftur \u00c7erkeslerde. Bu y\u00fczdendir ki eski \u00c7erkesler, mesela hem bir \u00e7ift\u00e7i, hem bir marangoz, hem demircidirler.<\/p>\n

Yi\u011fitlik, kahramanl\u0131k, insanl\u0131k erdemlerinin de \u00f6zel bir yeri vard\u0131r \u00c7erkes k\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/a>\u00fcnde. Bir \u00c7erkes atas\u00f6z\u00fcnde “en de\u011ferli mal insanl\u0131kt\u0131r” denir. “Bu ya\u015fam \u015feklinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan de\u011fer yarg\u0131s\u0131 \u2018\u2019nam\u2019\u2019d\u0131r. Ki\u015fi burada iki yolun a\u011fz\u0131ndad\u0131r; isim ve \u015feref. \u015eerefsizlik \u00f6l\u00fcm demektir. \u00c7erkes mant\u0131\u011f\u0131nda en de\u011ferli \u015fey, sahip olunan iyi bir isimdir.”<\/p>\n

Feodal yap\u0131da ya\u015f\u0131n, tecr\u00fcbenin, a\u015firet ileri gelenlerinin toplumsal ya\u015famda belli bir yeri vard\u0131r ve bu, bug\u00fcne kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerde gelmi\u015ftir. \u00c7erkes topluluklar\u0131nda “halk<\/a> aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ya\u015fl\u0131 bir y\u00f6netici; aileler ve k\u00f6yler aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ise cemaat<\/a> ad\u0131 verilen k\u00f6y meclislerince \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenip karara ba\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131.”<\/p>\n

Konukseverlik \u00c7erkeslerde de \u00f6zel bir haslet. Asl\u0131nda incelendi\u011finde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ki, t\u00fcm halklar do\u011fal nitelikleri i\u00e7inde konukseverdir, yard\u0131mla\u015fmac\u0131d\u0131r. Sorun bir yandan kapitalizmin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131n, bir yandan burjuvazinin yoz k\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/a>\u00fcn\u00fcn bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi yok etmesindedir. Bakal\u0131m mesela \u00c7erkeslere; “normal odalar tek ampulle, konuk odalar\u0131 ise \u00fc\u00e7-d\u00f6rt ampulle ayd\u0131nlat\u0131l\u0131r. Konuk odas\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm e\u015fyalar konuklar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, g\u00fcnl\u00fck<\/a> ya\u015famda kullan\u0131lmazlar.” Son derece g\u00fczel bir gelenek<\/a> ve anlay\u0131\u015f ama g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ne kadar ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu, olabildi\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuk yeti\u015ftirme \u00f6nemli ve “sayg\u0131n” bir i\u015ftir \u00c7erkeslerde. Bir Abhaz atas\u00f6z\u00fcnde “\u00e7ocuk iyi yeti\u015firse, hem ailesinin hem toplumun \u00e7ocu\u011fudur ama k\u00f6t\u00fc yeti\u015firse yaln\u0131zca ailesinin \u00e7ocu\u011fudur” denir.<\/p>\n

Hemen her halk<\/a> gibi g\u00fczel gelenekleri var \u00c7erkeslerin de. Tarihlerinde isyanlar, zulme kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fler var. Anadolu<\/a>\u2019da da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar, anayurtlar\u0131ndan kopmu\u015flar. Bu onlar\u0131 halk<\/a>\u0131n m\u00fccadelesinden de belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde koparm\u0131\u015f. 1980 ve 90\u2019larda Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019daki geli\u015fmeler, halk<\/a>\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bu kesimine fa\u015fistlerin milliyet\u00e7ilik<\/a> temelinde y\u00f6nelimini beraberinde getirmi\u015f ama hala o g\u00fczel geleneklerini, m\u00fccadeleci yanlar\u0131n\u0131 Anadolu<\/a> topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan t\u00fcm halklar\u0131n ortak m\u00fccadelesine ta\u015f\u0131yanlar da var. Recai Din\u00e7eller, Avni Turanlar, \u00dcmit Do\u011fan G\u00f6n\u00fcller, Yusuf Ba\u011flar, \u0130smet Erdo\u011fanlar gibi \u00c7erkes milliyetinden cephe saflar\u0131nda sava\u015fa giren, bu sava\u015fta komutanl\u0131k ve \u015fehitlik r\u00fctbesine ula\u015fan yi\u011fitler, kahramanlar var. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Anadolu<\/a> topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan \u00c7erkeslerin de bu d\u00fczenden sorulacak hesaplar\u0131 var; bir milliyet olarak ulusal haklar\u0131na, h<\/a>alk<\/span> olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 var.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cemil Başaran Çerkes, Karadeniz`den hazar denizine kadar olan Kuzey Kafkasya topraklarında yaşayan halkların ortak adıdır. Aslında bu tanımlanan bölgelerde yaşayan halklardan hiçbiri kendine “Çerkes” adını vermiyor. Çerkes daha çok Kuzey Kafkasya halklarına onların dışındakilerin verdiği isim durumunda. ancak zaman içerisinde çeşitli Çerkes topluluklar bu adı da benimsemişler. Örneğin ülkemizde Kuzey Kafkasya kökenli halk kesimleri kendine […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7627","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kultur-ana-sayfa","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7627","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7627"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7627\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7629,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7627\/revisions\/7629"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7627"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7627"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7627"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}