{"id":7744,"date":"2019-03-08T19:30:08","date_gmt":"2019-03-08T19:30:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=7744"},"modified":"2019-03-08T19:30:08","modified_gmt":"2019-03-08T19:30:08","slug":"kultur-sanat-sorununa-genel-bir-bakis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/kultur-sanat-sorununa-genel-bir-bakis\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u00dcLT\u00dcR-SANAT SORUNUNA GENEL B\u0130R BAKI\u015e"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Kayseri \u0130\u015f\u00e7i K\u00fclt\u00fcr Evi
\n<\/b>Kaynak: Mamak 3. K\u00fclt\u00fcr-Sanat Festivali K\u00fclt\u00fcr SempozyumuTebli\u011fleri<\/p>\n

G\u00fcnl\u00fck dilde k\u00fclt\u00fcr, bazen bilgi ve deney birikiminin ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir bi\u00e7imini, bazen de ruhsal zenginli\u011fin yaln\u0131zca \u00f6zel ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7inde elde edilebilir bir halini, bir se\u00e7kinli\u011fi ifade eder.<\/p>\n

Bu anlamda, k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc insan, ortalama insandan farkl\u0131 olarak, daha \u00e7ok \u015feyi inceltilmi\u015f bi\u00e7imde bilen ve bunu hayat\u0131n\u0131n bir bi\u00e7imi olarak benimseyen insan demek olacakt\u0131r. Burada k\u00fclt\u00fcr, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce elde edilmi\u015f bi\u00e7imiyle, m\u00fclkiyetle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmektedir. K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bu tarz tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131nda, kapitalist ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7erisinde \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel sahipli\u011fi, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn de ko\u015fulu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr, t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00f6zel m\u00fclk gibi, ancak bu \u00f6zel tarihsel ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda yeniden \u00fcretilebilir bir \u015fey olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu durumda k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc olmak bir \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f imtiyaz\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir di\u011fer g\u00fcnl\u00fck kullan\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imine g\u00f6re k\u00fclt\u00fcr; yap\u0131lar, sanat eserleri, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n belli ba\u015fl\u0131 nesnel belirtileri ve bunlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin de\u011ferler olarak ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Nesneler ve e\u015fyalar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n genelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ifadesi olarak olu\u015fturulan bu kavramda da burjuva \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcleri ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce tarihsel eylemin bir bi\u00e7imi, onu genelle\u015ftiren ve s\u00fcreklilik kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir ili\u015fkiler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr, maddi hayat\u0131n \u00fcretimi ve yeniden \u00fcretimi s\u00fcrecinde insan\u0131n do\u011fay\u0131 ve bu arada kendisini de\u011fi\u015ftirme faaliyetinin \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftiren genel bir ili\u015fki ve etkile\u015fme d\u00fczeyi olarak kendisini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Bu bak\u0131mdan, k\u00fclt\u00fcr kavram\u0131n\u0131, maddi \u00fcretimin nesnelerini, s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini ve toplumsal ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftiren daha geni\u015f bir kapsamda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Maddi ve manevi k\u00fclt\u00fcr
\n<\/b>
\nK\u00fclt\u00fcr; insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fcretimsel, ussal ve toplumsal kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Maddi nesnelerin \u00fcretim bilgisine maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr; manevi de\u011ferlerin \u00fcretim bilgisine ve \u00fcretilen manevi de\u011ferlere manevi k\u00fclt\u00fcr diyebiliriz. \u0130nsan taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen maddi nesnelerin kendisi, \u00f6rne\u011fin masa, sandalye vb. k\u00fclt\u00fcr de\u011fildir de, manevi de\u011ferlerin kendisi, \u00f6rne\u011fin resim, m\u00fczik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn birer \u00f6\u011fesidir. Maddi de\u011ferlerin \u00fcretimi, bilim ve \u00fcretim bilgisini, yani belli bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc gerektirir. \u00d6rne\u011fin televizyon k\u00fclt\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olabilir, ama kendisi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bir \u00f6\u011fesi, kendinde bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr de\u011fildir. Manevi de\u011ferlerin \u00fcretimi, belli bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr gerektirmekle birlikte, kendisi k\u00fclt\u00fcr olarak \u00fcretilir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6z\u00fc ve i\u015flevi gere\u011fi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6\u011fesini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn iki bi\u00e7imi: Edinilen k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve \u00fcretilen k\u00fclt\u00fcr
\n<\/b>
\n\u0130nsanlar ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, birbirinden yal\u0131t\u0131k topluluklar i\u00e7erisinde ama ortakla\u015fa bir \u00fcretim bilgisi \u00fcretirler ve bunu kendilerinden sonraki ku\u015faklara deneysel olarak aktar\u0131rlard\u0131. \u0130\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesi ve zihinsel \u00fcretimin bilgiye ve bilime y\u00fckselmesiyle, ge\u00e7im nesnelerinin ve \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretim bilgisi ve y\u00f6ntemi, bunlar\u0131 kendilerine u\u011fra\u015f edinen kafa emek\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, topluluklar\u0131n deneysel yolla ortakla\u015fa \u00fcrettikleri \u00fcretim bilgi ve tekni\u011fini, bu i\u015fi kendine u\u011fra\u015f edinen kafa emek\u00e7ileri \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla insanlar, toplumsal i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesi sonucu, maddi nesnelerin \u00fcretiminde bulunanlar ile maddi nesnelerin \u00fcretim bilgisini ve tekni\u011fini \u00fcretenler olarak da b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n

Maddi nesnelerin kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00fcretim bilgi ve becerisini (babadan o\u011fula ya da ustadan \u00e7\u0131ra\u011fa) g\u00f6rerek \u00f6\u011frenim ile \u00fcretim bilgi ve tekni\u011fini \u00fcretenler, \u00f6z\u00fcnde birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Biri, \u00fcretilmi\u015f maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc edinir. \u00d6teki bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc yeniden \u00fcretir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr, edinilen ve \u00fcretilen k\u00fclt\u00fcr olarak iki bi\u00e7imden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

Manevi k\u00fclt\u00fcr
\n<\/b>
\nManevi k\u00fclt\u00fcr, \u00fcretimle do\u011frudan ili\u015fkisi olmayan, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ak\u0131l, toplum ve esteti\u011fe ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlerini \u00fcreten k\u00fclt\u00fcr olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. \u00dcretimle do\u011frudan ili\u015fkisi olmasa da hi\u00e7bir manevi k\u00fclt\u00fcr, toplumun temelini olu\u015fturan iktisadi ko\u015fullardan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Sanat ve estetik gibi manevi de\u011ferlerin \u00fcretimi, din, hukuk, siyaset, ideoloji gibi toplumsal bilin\u00e7 bi\u00e7imlerinin \u00fcretimi, manevi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6\u011felerini olu\u015fturur. Din, hukuk, siyaset gibi toplumsal bilin\u00e7 bi\u00e7imleri, toplumsal geli\u015fmeyi olumlayan bilin\u00e7 bi\u00e7imleri oldu\u011fu gibi toplumlar\u0131n geli\u015fmesinin belirli a\u015famalar\u0131nda, engeller haline de gelebilirler. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, edebiyat, sanat ve estetik gibi manevi de\u011ferler de, ideolojik tercihleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, toplumsal geli\u015fmeyi y\u00f6nlendiren ve ona ivme kazand\u0131ran bir etkinli\u011fe sahip olabilece\u011fi gibi, toplumsal geli\u015fmeyi engelleyen bir etkinli\u011fe de sahip olabilirler.<\/p>\n

Maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr, bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bilime y\u00fckselmesiyle evrensel bir nitelik kazan\u0131r. Bu anlamda, maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr, bilimsel nitelik kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kendili\u011finden evrenselle\u015fmi\u015f olur. Manevi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn evrenselle\u015fmesi toplumsal bilin\u00e7 bi\u00e7imlerinin \u00f6zelli\u011fine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fen ve insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ilkel bi\u00e7imlerinden insanl\u0131kla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme tarihsel s\u00fcrecine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, farkl\u0131 a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7er ve farkl\u0131 engellerle \u00e7evrilidir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcrler, yarat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerine ve bilin\u00e7 d\u00fczeylerine uygun d\u00fc\u015ferler. Bu \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bilin\u00e7 d\u00fczeyi geli\u015fti\u011fi halde, bu d\u00f6nemlerde yarat\u0131lan k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, daha sonraki topluluklar ve bireyler i\u00e7in bir estetik doyum sa\u011flayabilirler. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle etkinliklerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilirler.<\/p>\n

Toplumsal geli\u015fmenin her yeni a\u015famas\u0131nda yeni estetik de\u011ferler yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmakla birlikte, yine de var olan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn, k\u00fclt\u00fcr birikiminin, yeni bir \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak do\u011farlar. Eski k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn yads\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde yeni ak\u0131mlar i\u00e7in de bu b\u00f6yledir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir \u015feyin yads\u0131nmas\u0131, yads\u0131nan \u015feyin kendinden do\u011fmu\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir bak\u0131ma yads\u0131nan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bir devam\u0131 olmalar\u0131 da ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Soruna, daha genel a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, denilebilir ki, hi\u00e7bir toplum, yeni \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi zaman, eski k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc atarak t\u00fcm olarak yeni bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr t\u00fcretemez. Yeni toplumun yeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc eski k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn olumlu y\u00f6nlerinin, yeni ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131na uygun olarak geli\u015ftirilmesiyle yarat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z toplumdan s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 topluma ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecinde toplumlar, kendi i\u00e7lerinde, ikili bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr de yarat\u0131rlar. Bunlardan biri, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gelece\u011fiyle uyu\u015fan, insan\u0131n y\u00fccelmesini ve onun \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi amac\u0131n\u0131 bilin\u00e7li ya da bilin\u00e7siz i\u00e7erisinde ta\u015f\u0131yan k\u00fclt\u00fcr; \u00f6teki \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisinin de\u011fi\u015fmesiyle birlikte \u00f6lmeye mahk\u00fbm bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlarda k\u00fclt\u00fcr, emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile egemen s\u0131n\u0131f k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc olarak iki bi\u00e7imden olu\u015fur. Burjuva toplumda egemen k\u00fclt\u00fcr burjuva nitelikte olmakla birlikte tali planda da olsa alt s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden de belirli bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u00f6z edilebilir ve bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin geli\u015fmesi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde g\u00fc\u00e7lenir, kendine daha etkin bir alan a\u00e7ar. Bunun yan\u0131s\u0131ra k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-burjuva k\u00fclt\u00fcr, iki temel k\u00fclt\u00fcr bi\u00e7iminin \u00f6zelliklerini de i\u00e7inde ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kapitalist toplumda, ba\u015fta i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olmak \u00fczere alt s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7erisinde filizlenen devrimci sosyalist k\u00fclt\u00fcr ise, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n binlerce y\u0131lda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselir. Devrimci sosyalist k\u00fclt\u00fcr, ge\u00e7mi\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcr birikiminde yeni ve ileri olan\u0131 ele\u015ftirel bir bi\u00e7imde sahiplenir, geli\u015ftirir. B\u00f6ylece o, gelece\u011fi elinde tutan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n yan\u0131nda saf\u0131n\u0131 belirler. S\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z topluma ilerleyen i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n elinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir silah olur. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kayseri İşçi Kültür Evi Kaynak: Mamak 3. Kültür-Sanat Festivali Kültür SempozyumuTebliğleri Günlük dilde kültür, bazen bilgi ve deney birikiminin arınmış bir biçimini, bazen de ruhsal zenginliğin yalnızca özel ilişkiler içinde elde edilebilir bir halini, bir seçkinliği ifade eder. Bu anlamda, kültürlü insan, ortalama insandan farklı olarak, daha çok şeyi inceltilmiş biçimde bilen ve bunu hayatının 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