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Halime Kaya Karadeniz ile Hazar Denizi aras\u0131nda Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 paralelinde uzanan ve y\u00fcksekli\u011fi orta k\u0131s\u0131mlarda 5.000 metreyi a\u015fan s\u0131rada\u011flar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde “KAFKASLAR” ad\u0131yla tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Orta \u00c7a\u011f \u0130sl\u00e2m gezginlerinin seyahatnamelerinde ve \u00e7e\u015fitli eski T\u00fcrk kaynaklar\u0131nda Kafkasya ya da Kafkaslar ad\u0131na rastlanmaz. Kafkasya ad\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6lge olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131na rastlar. Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 1. Petro d\u00f6neminde Petersburg’da kurulan \u0130mparatorluk Bilimler Akademisi’nin bilim adamlar\u0131 Kafkasya ad\u0131n\u0131 ilk defa kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kafkasya ad\u0131na ancak 1856 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren T\u00fcrk kaynaklar\u0131nda rastlan\u0131r. (K\u0131rz\u0131o\u011flu 1993: XVII)<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn siyasi, co\u011frafi, etnik ya da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel s\u0131n\u0131rlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za birbirinden farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlara sahip birka\u00e7 Kafkasya tan\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Co\u011frafyac\u0131lar Kafkasya’y\u0131 Kuzey ve G\u00fcney olmak \u00fczere ikiye b\u00f6lm\u00fc\u015fler, b\u00f6lgenin tarihi, etnik, sosyolojik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 derinlemesine bilmeyen siyaset bilimcileri de bu b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeyi kabul ederek Kuzey Kafkasya-G\u00fcney Kafkasya isimlerini literat\u00fcre sokmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu tarife g\u00f6re Kuzey Kafkasya denildi\u011finde, bug\u00fcn Rusya Federasyonu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan s\u00f6zde \u00f6zerk Adige, Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkes, Kabardin-Balkar, Kuzey Osetya, \u00c7e\u00e7enistan, \u0130ngu\u015fetya ve Da\u011f\u0131stan Cum. akla gelmektedir. G\u00fcney Kafkasya ise Azerbaycan, Ermenistan ve G\u00fcrcistan Cumh. ile Abhazya, Acara, Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f, Nahcivan \u00d6zerk Cum. ile G\u00fcney Osetya b\u00f6lgesinden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ancak bu tan\u0131m o b\u00f6lgenin tarihi, etnik, sosyolojik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ger\u00e7eklerine uymamaktad\u0131r. Bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan ger\u00e7ekte bir Kafkasya vard\u0131r, o da bug\u00fcn pek \u00e7ok \u00e7evre taraf\u0131ndan Kuzey Kafkasya olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan b\u00f6lgedir. Fakat bu s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rma da eksik kalmaktad\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bug\u00fcn siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan G\u00fcrcistan’a ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Abhazya ve G\u00fcney Osetya’da etnik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan Kafkasya’n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve tarih itibariyle de Kafkasya’ya dahildir. <\/strong>G\u00fcney Kafkasya tan\u0131m\u0131 ise tamamen uydurmad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgenin literat\u00fcrdeki as\u0131l ad\u0131 “Kafkas \u00d6tesi” dir. Ruslar\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgeye “Zakavkaz” \u0130ngilizlerin Transcaucasus, Osmanl\u0131 ve Araplar\u0131n “Mavera-i Kafkasya” adlar\u0131 G\u00fcney Kafkasya de\u011fil, Kafkas \u00f6tesi anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. (Tavkul 1997b:II)<\/p>\n Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Kafkasya, “Kafkas Halklar\u0131” ad\u0131 verilen Adige, Abhaz-Abazin, Kabardey, Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar, Oset, \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015f ve Da\u011f\u0131stan halklar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 etnik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel co\u011frafyan\u0131n ad\u0131d\u0131r. Kafkasya halklar\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca ayn\u0131 co\u011frafyada benzer tarihi, etnik ve sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda birbirlerinden etkilenmi\u015fler ve birbirleriyle kar\u0131\u015farak akraba topluluklar haline gelirken ortak bir Kafkas k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Bu bak\u0131mdan, Kafkasya halklar\u0131 toplumsal yap\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Kafkas \u00d6tesi milletlerinden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131rlar. Tarihi, etnik ve sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel s\u0131n\u0131rlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda bu b\u00f6lgeyi Kuzey-G\u00fcney Kafkasya bi\u00e7iminde de\u011fil, Kafkasya Kafkas \u00d6tesi bi\u00e7iminde tan\u0131mlamak ve de\u011ferlendirmek do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Jeopolitik y\u00f6nden Kafkasya’n\u0131n co\u011frafi konumu Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131na girmi\u015f olan ve be\u015f bin kilometre uzunlu\u011funda bulunan Akdeniz-Ege denizi Marmara ve Bo\u011fazlar-Karadeniz ve Azak denizi gibi birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 i\u00e7 denizlerin meydana getirdi\u011fi bir su koridorunun ucunda, ayn\u0131 zamanda Hazar denizi vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile de Orta Asya’ya ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r.(Berkok 1958:11)<\/p>\n Kafkasya’n\u0131n co\u011frafi konumu etnolojik olu\u015fumlara ve geli\u015fmelere, tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7ok etkili olmu\u015ftur. Tarih boyunca \u00f6nemini her devirde koruyan Kafkasya, jeostratejik \u00f6nemini g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de devam ettirmektedir.<\/p>\n Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131lar\u0131 Kafkasya’y\u0131 tarih boyunca d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan etkileyen \u00e7e\u015fitli kavim ve medeniyetlerle yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir. Kafkasya’ya kuzeyden gelen Kimmer ve \u0130skit gibi proto-T\u00fcrk kavimleri ile Hun, Bulgarlar, Alan , Hazar, K\u0131p\u00e7ak gibi T\u00fcrk kavimleri, Karadeniz yoluyla bat\u0131dan gelen eski Yunan, Roma, Bizans, ticaret konileri, Anadolu ve \u00d6n Asya’dan gelen \u00e7e\u015fitli Medeniyetler Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri ile birle\u015ferek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Kafkas etnik ve toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirmi\u015fler, Kafkas k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn meydana gelmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (Tavkul 1997a: 140)<\/p>\n Co\u011frafi fakt\u00f6rler Kafkasya’daki toplumsal olu\u015fumlar\u0131 bir dereceye kadar etkilemi\u015f, sarp da\u011flar, derin vadiler ve geni\u015f d\u00fczl\u00fcklerle b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f geni\u015f bir co\u011frafi sahada birbirinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 pek \u00e7ok etnik grup ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Farkl\u0131 diller konu\u015fan bu enik gruplar aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131l\u0131k co\u011frafi \u015fartlar\u0131n da etkisiyle gittik\u00e7e daha belirgin bir h\u00e2l alm\u0131\u015f ve Kafkasya’da \u00e7e\u015fitli dil ve leh\u00e7e gruplar\u0131 etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fmi\u015f bir \u00e7ok enik grup ya da halk meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Sosyal, siyasi, ekonomik sebeplere dayal\u0131 toplumsal hareketlilik Kafkasya halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda etnik y\u00f6nden bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131ma yol a\u00e7arken k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin de birbirine kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ve zamanla birbirine benzer sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Neticede Karadeniz’den Hazar denizine kadar Kafkasya’daki farkl\u0131 \u0131rk ve enik gruplar birbirleriyle kayna\u015f\u0131rken, ortak hayat felsefesi, benzer \u00e2det ve gelenekler, orta tarih ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u015fuuru, ortak giyim-ku\u015fam ve folklordan olu\u015fan “Kafkas K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc” etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fmi\u015flerdir (Tavkul 1997a:167)<\/p>\n KAFKASYA’DA YA\u015eAYAN TOPLULUKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n Kafkasya pek \u00e7ok dilin, halk\u0131n, etnik grubun ve mahalli k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bir arada ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilgin\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerinden biridir. Karadeniz ile Hazar denizi aras\u0131nda uzanan bir co\u011frafyada ya\u015fayan Abhaz, Adilge, Abaza, Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar, Oset, \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015f ve Da\u011f\u0131stan halklar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Kafkasya siyasi ya da fiziki bir co\u011frafyan\u0131n ad\u0131 de\u011fil, yukar\u0131da adlar\u0131n\u0131 sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z halklar\u0131n meydana getirdi\u011fi ve “Kafkas K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sahas\u0131” ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fimiz k\u00fclt\u00fcrel co\u011frafyan\u0131n ad\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kafkasya halklar\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llardan beri ayn\u0131 tarihi, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve co\u011frafyay\u0131 payla\u015fmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, toplumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131nda son derece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir yere sahip olan aile-soy ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, kabilecilik gibi tutum ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 sebebiyle tarih boyunca bir birlik olu\u015fturamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kafkasya’da birbirinden tamamen farkl\u0131 pek \u00e7ok dil ve leh\u00e7enin konu\u015fuluyor olmas\u0131, birli\u011fin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 bir dereceye kadar etkilemi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc farkl\u0131 dillerde konu\u015fan kabile ve boylar\u0131n tek bir dil etraf\u0131nda birle\u015ferek milletle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine girmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 20. y.y. ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar Kafkasya halklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ortak konu\u015fma dilinin K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’si oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. 1404 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kafkasya’da bulunan Avrupal\u0131 misyoner Johannes de Galonifontibus Kafkasya’da ve Karadeniz’in do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Yunan, Ermeni, \u00c7erkes, Got, Tot, Rus, Lezgi, Avar, Kazikumuk, Alan kabilelerinin hepsinin T\u00fcrk-Tatar dilinde konu\u015ftuklar\u0131n\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r. (Tardy 1978:91)<\/p>\n Kafkasya halklar\u0131 ortak tarihe, k\u00fclt\u00fcre, gelenek ve g\u00f6reneklere, benzer toplumsal yap\u0131lara sahip olsalar ve y\u00fczlerce y\u0131ldan beri etnik a\u00e7\u0131dan birbirleri ile kar\u0131\u015fan akraba topluluklar haline gelseler bile, aralar\u0131ndaki dil farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 onlar i\u00e7in milliyetin ve etnik kimli\u011fin bir g\u00f6stergesi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bug\u00fcn tek bir “Kafkasya Milleti” nden s\u00f6z etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Onun yerine “Kafkas Halklar\u0131” kavram\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n “Kafkasya Halklar\u0131” ad\u0131 verilen topluluklar Adige, Abhaz- Abazin, Kabardey, Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar, Oset, \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015f ve Da\u011f\u0131stan halklar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kafkasya’da konu\u015fulan diller d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 dil ailesinden gelir. Kafkas, Hint-Avrupa, T\u00fcrk ve Sami dil aileleri.<\/p>\n Kafkasya’n\u0131n halklar\u0131 co\u011frafi a\u00e7\u0131dan iki kuzey bir de g\u00fcney koluna ayr\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra onlarla akraba olan Megrelleri, Lazlar\u0131 ve Svanlar\u0131 kapsayan g\u00fcney kolu Transkafkasya’n\u0131n\uf02a bat\u0131 kesiminde ya\u015far. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan iki kuzey kolu ise pek \u00e7ok halk\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. Bu halklar\u0131n en kalabal\u0131k olanlar\u0131, Kurban ve Yukar\u0131 Terek havzalar\u0131na yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan Kabardeyler, B\u00fcy\u00fck Kafkaslar\u0131n orta kesiminde ya\u015fayan \u00c7e\u00e7enler, \u0130ngu\u015flar ile Batlardan olu\u015fan Veynahlar, Da\u011f\u0131stan’da ya\u015fayan Avarlar, Davgiler, Lezgiler ve Laklard\u0131r. Ermenilerin atalar\u0131 olan Hint-Avrupa halklar\u0131, Transkafkasya’ya M.\u00d6. 10. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda gelmi\u015flerdir. Bir ba\u015fka Hint-Avrupa k\u00f6kenli topluluk da, B\u00fcy\u00fck Kafkasya’n\u0131n orta kesiminde ya\u015fayan Osetlerdir. Kuzeyde ya\u015fayan ve daha \u00e7ok Ruslarla Ukraynal\u0131lar\u0131 kapsayan Slav k\u00f6kenli topluluklar Kafkasya n\u00fcfusunun \u00fc\u00e7te birinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar. Son olarak K\u00fcrtler, Tali\u015fler, Tatlar, Yunanl\u0131lar ve \u00c7ingeneler gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelere da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Hint-Avrupa k\u00f6kenli halklar say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli halklar g\u00fcney bat\u0131da ya\u015fayan Azeriler ile kuzeyde ya\u015fayan K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrklerinden Kumuklar, Nogaylar, Kara\u00e7ay-Malkarlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kafkasya’da ya\u015fayan Sami k\u00f6kenli tek halk I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda Osmanl\u0131lardan ka\u00e7an ve Rus topraklar\u0131na ge\u00e7en ve daha \u00e7ok kentlerde ya\u015fayan Asurilerdir.<\/p>\n KAFKASYA’DAK\u0130 T\u00dcRK OLMAYAN HALKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesinin de\u011fi\u015fik yerlerinde, birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan dil topluluklar\u0131ndan, say\u0131lar\u0131 milyonlar\u0131 bulan b\u00fcy\u00fck ulusal topluluklara kadar 50’nin \u00fczerinde halk ya\u015far. Bu \u00e7e\u015fitlilik \u00e7ok eski \u00e7a\u011flara kadar uzan\u0131r. Plinius (Ya\u015fl\u0131), Romal\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00f6lgede i\u015flerini ancak 80 \u00e7evirmenle y\u00fcr\u00fctebildi\u011fini belirtiyor. Arap co\u011frafyac\u0131lar ise Kafkasya’ya Cebel\u00fc’l-Elsine (Diller Da\u011f\u0131) ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n AD\u0130GELER<\/strong><\/p>\n 7.600 km\u00b2’ lik bir sahay\u0131 i\u015fgal eden Adige \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti’nin ba\u015fkenti Maykop \u015fehridir. Cumhuriyet n\u00fcfusunun % 70’ini Ruslar, % 23’\u00fcn\u00fc Adigeler (\u00c7erkesler) meydana getirir. Adigelerin 1989 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 124 bin ki\u015fidir. Kendilerine “Adige” ad\u0131n\u0131 veren, yabanc\u0131 milletler taraf\u0131ndan ise “\u00c7erkes” ad\u0131yla tan\u0131nan bu halklar y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca Kafkasya’y\u0131 hakimiyetleri alt\u0131nda tutan Hun-Bulgar, Hazar, Alan, K\u0131p\u00e7ak gibi kuzeyli T\u00fcrk kavimlerinin etnik, siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkisi alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f ve yukar\u0131da adlar\u0131n\u0131 sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z eski T\u00fcrk kavimlerinin torunlar\u0131 olan Kara\u00e7ay-Malkarl\u0131lar ile y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l kom\u015fu olmalar\u0131n\u0131n neticesinde onlarla da bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finin sonunda ise Adige ve Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sosyolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan bir “k\u00fclt\u00fcrle\u015fme” hadisesi ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f ve bunun neticesinde ortak bir hayat tarz\u0131, t\u00f6reler ve gelenekler ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn Adige, Abhaz, Oset, \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015f, Da\u011f\u0131stan halklar\u0131 ve hatta G\u00fcrc\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcndeki eski T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc etkisi hi\u00e7bir bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n reddemeyece\u011fi kadar a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kafkas dillerinin Abhaz-Adige dil grubuna giren Adige (\u00c7erkes) dili Kafkasya’n\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Karadeniz sahillerinden i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlara do\u011fru uzanan Shapsugh, Abzegh, Hatukuay, Bjedugh, Natuhay, Kabardey gibi Adige boylar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkas (ya da Abhaz-Adige) \u00f6be\u011fi Abhaz, Abaza, Adige, Kabardey ve Wub\u0131h (Vubih) dillerini kapsar. Abhaz \u00d6SSC’de bu \u00f6be\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6b\u00fcr diller ise Kafkasya’n\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda konu\u015fulur. Abhaz-Adige dillerinde birbirinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 leh\u00e7elere rastlanmaz. Bu dillerin ses sistemlerinde s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 80 kadar ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00fcns\u00fcz vard\u0131r. Ad sistemleri basit olmakla birlikte, eylem \u00e7ekimi olduk\u00e7a kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. Adige, Kabardey ve Wub\u0131h dillerinde ad\u0131n yaln\u0131zca iki ana durumu vard\u0131r. Bu \u00f6be\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6b\u00fcr dillerde ise ad\u0131n durumlar\u0131na rastlanmaz. Abhaz ve Abaza dillerinde, ki\u015fi ve nesnelerin dilbigisel s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Abhaz-Adige dillerinde eylem \u00e7ok bire\u015fimlidir. Yani \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin kayna\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcn bir t\u00fcmceyi belirten birle\u015fik s\u00f6zc\u00fckler olu\u015fturulabilir. \u00d6nek ve son ekler belirtilin eylem kategoriler, yaln\u0131zca ki\u015fi ve say\u0131y\u0131 de\u011fil eylemin ge\u00e7i\u015fli ya da ge\u00e7i\u015fsiz oldu\u011funu, y\u00f6neldi\u011fi nesneyi ya da olabilirli\u011fini de g\u00f6sterir. Eylem \u00e7ekiminde, en fazla d\u00f6rt ki\u015fi belirtilir. Eylem bi\u00e7imleri, birbirini izleyen dokuz kadar bi\u00e7im birimi i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n Adige (\u00c7erkes) dili incelendi\u011finde, bu dilde olduk\u00e7a fazla say\u0131da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e k\u00f6kenli kelime dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dilinden ge\u00e7en kelimelerdir. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda az say\u0131da K\u0131r\u0131m-Nogay dillerinden ve Osmanl\u0131ca’dan ge\u00e7en kelimeler de Adige dilinde yer almaktad\u0131r. Adige (\u00c7erkes) dilinde ayr\u0131ca M.S 3. y.y’da Kafkasya’y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar halk\u0131n\u0131n ilk atalar\u0131ndan olan Hun-Bulgar T\u00fcrklerinin dilinden ge\u00e7en kelimeler de ya\u015famaktad\u0131r ki, bunlar ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrk dili ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bir dilden ba\u015fka dile ge\u00e7en kelimeler asl\u0131nda son derece \u00f6nemli bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr hadisesinin de delilleridirler. Bir kelime bir dilden bir ba\u015fka dile ge\u00e7erken beraberinde bir \u00fcretim tekni\u011fini, hayat tarz\u0131n\u0131, ya\u015fam felsefesini de getirir. Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dilinden Adige diline ge\u00e7en kelimelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun k\u00fclt\u00fcr kelimeleri olduklar\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir.<\/p>\n Adige (\u00c7erkes) diline Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dilinden ge\u00e7en kelimelere \u00f6rnek:<\/p>\n S\u0131ne : Abide Her iki kelimenin k\u00f6keni Kara\u00e7ay-Malkarca “s\u0131n” an\u0131t, mezar ta\u015f\u0131 kelimesinden gelmektedir.<\/p>\n Ah\u015fe : Para<\/p>\n Adigece “ah\u015fe” kelimesi Kara\u00e7ay-Malkarca “ah\u015fa\/a\u00e7ha” kelimesinden gelmektedir.<\/p>\n DA\u011eISTANLILAR<\/strong><\/p>\n Da\u011f\u0131stan \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti’nin ba\u015fkenti Maha\u00e7kala’d\u0131r. Da\u011f\u0131stan’da pek \u00e7ok etnik grup bir arada ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. 1989 y\u0131l\u0131 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re Da\u011f\u0131stan halklar\u0131ndan Avarlar 604 bin, Lezgiler 466 bin, Darg\u0131lar 365 bin, Kumuklar 282 bin, Laklar 118 bin, Tabasaralanlar 98 bin, Rutullar 20 bin, Tsahurlar 20 bin, Agullar 19 bin ki\u015fidir.<\/p>\n Da\u011f\u0131stan sadece eski SSCB’nin de\u011fil, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en karma\u015f\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinden biridir. 1926’da Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda SSCB arazisinde yap\u0131lan n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Da\u011f\u0131stan’da 32 dilde konu\u015fan yerli millet ve etnik grup vard\u0131. Bu 32 yerli dilden 24’\u00fc Kafkasya dilleri ailesinin Nah-Da\u011f\u0131stan grubuna, 5’i T\u00fcrk dili grubuna, 3’\u00fc ise Hint-Avrupa dilleri ailesine girer.<\/p>\n Etno-politik bak\u0131mdan Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerinden biri T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli Kumuklar ve Nogaylar da dahil bu cumhuriyetin, 10 etnosun \u00f6zerk devlet kurumu olarak olu\u015fturulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu 10 etnos Sovyet-Rus literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde “Da\u011f\u0131stan Halklar\u0131” ad\u0131 ile ge\u00e7mektedir. Yani Da\u011f\u0131stan yaln\u0131z bu 10 halk\u0131n ortak etno-politik arazisi olarak tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Dini mensubiyetlere g\u00f6re Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn yerli halklar\u0131 m\u00fcsl\u00fcmand\u0131r. Da\u011f\u0131stan, Rusya’n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6zerk arazi kurumlar\u0131 ile mukayesede Ruslar\u0131n t\u00fcm ahali i\u00e7inde y\u00fczdesinin \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu etnik b\u00f6lgesidir.<\/p>\n Da\u011f\u0131stan’da etno-demografik durum dinamik karakterlidir. Da\u011f\u0131stan ahalisinin etno-politik bak\u0131mdan \u015fartl\u0131 olarak 3 gruba ay\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Da\u011fl\u0131lar (Nah-Da\u011f\u0131stan grubuna ait olan halklar) 1989 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re “Da\u011fl\u0131lar” Da\u011f\u0131stan ahalisinin %68.9’unu, T\u00fcrkler %18.7 ‘sini, Rus dilliler ise %12.4’\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Da\u011f\u0131stan’da \u015fehirle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri oval\u0131k arazilerde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirleri, ba\u015fkent Maha\u00e7kala’da dahil oval\u0131k arazilerde, yani T\u00fcrklerin tarihi, milli arazilerinde yerle\u015fmektedirler. Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’si ve Kumuk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’si uzun s\u00fcre Da\u011f\u0131stan ahalisinin ortak dili olmu\u015ftur.Hatta Sovyetler d\u00f6neminin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda kom\u00fcnist liderler Da\u011f\u0131stan’da k\u0131sa bir zamanda halk\u0131n genel okur yazarl\u0131k d\u00fczeyinin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131na eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk (Azerbaycan) dilini Da\u011f\u0131stan \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti’nin devlet dili ilan etmi\u015flerdir.1930 y\u0131llar\u0131na do\u011fru ise Rus dili Da\u011f\u0131stan’da egemen olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Da\u011f\u0131stan’da etno-politik durumun en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerinden biri de Nogay sorunudur. Nogaylar\u0131n etnik arazisi Da\u011f\u0131stan, Stavrapol b\u00f6lgesi ve az bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de \u00c7e\u00e7enistan aras\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 yere par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1989 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re eski SSCB arazisinde Nogaylar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 75.2 ki\u015fi olmu\u015ftur. Bunlardan 28.3 bin ki\u015fi Da\u011f\u0131stan’da, 28.6 bin ki\u015fi Stavropol b\u00f6lgesinde, 6.9 bin ki\u015fi \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’da, 4.0 bin ki\u015fi Astrahan b\u00f6lgesinde ve 7.4 bin ki\u015fi de ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Da\u011f\u0131stan’da mevcut olan b\u00fct\u00fcn sosyal-siyasal kurumlar aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemlisi Kumuklar\u0131n “Tenglik” \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcd\u00fcr. ” Tenglik”in ba\u015fl\u0131ca politik amac\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n Rusya terkibinde federal cumhuriyete \u00e7evrilmesi ve bu federasyon i\u00e7inde belli s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 olan Kumukistan yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na eri\u015fmektir. Nogaylar\u0131n sosyal-siyasal kurumu ise “Birlik” \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Tenglik’ten sonra etki \u00e7evresine g\u00f6re n\u00fcfusu olan sosyal-siyasal kurum “Sadval” Lezgi \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcd\u00fcr. “Sadval” c\u0131lar Tabasaranlar\u0131n, Rutullar\u0131n, Agullar\u0131n ve Sahurlar\u0131n etnik arazilerin, bir de Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerinin milli, tarihi arazisi olan Derbent b\u00f6lgesini “B\u00fcy\u00fck Lezgistan”a katmakla Derbent \u015fehrini bu hayali \u00fclkenin ba\u015fkenti se\u00e7mi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n Kuzeydo\u011fu Kafkas (ya da Nah-Da\u011f\u0131stan) \u00f6be\u011fi, Nah ve Da\u011f\u0131stan dillerinden olu\u015fur. Da\u011f\u0131stan dilleri \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6be\u011fe ayr\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n Nah Da\u011f\u0131stan dilleri, ses sistemleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6sterir. Bu dillerde be\u015f asal \u00fcnl\u00fc (a,e,i,o,u) vard\u0131r; ek bi\u00e7imlerle \u00fcnl\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131 30’a kadar \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Nah dillerinin \u00fcns\u00fcz sistemleri, G\u00fcney Kafkas dillerinkiyle benzerlik g\u00f6sterir. \u00c7o\u011fu Da\u011f\u0131stan dillerinde titre\u015fimsiz \u00fcns\u00fczlerin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve zay\u0131f bi\u00e7imleri aras\u0131nda belirgin bir kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k vard\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn Kafkas dilleri titre\u015fimli (ses tellerinin titre\u015fimiyle) olu\u015fur, titre\u015fimsiz soluklu (ses telleri titre\u015fmez, soluk sesi duyulur) ve g\u0131rtlaks\u0131lla\u015fm\u0131\u015f (g\u0131rtla\u011f\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131ndaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapa\u011f\u0131n kapanmas\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r) olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr kapant\u0131ya yer verir. Nah-Da\u011f\u0131stan dillerinde dilbilgisel s\u0131n\u0131flar (Bats dilinde sekiz, \u00c7e\u00e7en dilinde alt\u0131 tane) nesneleri ki\u015filerden ay\u0131r\u0131r. G\u00fcney Kafkas dillerinde oldu\u011fu gibi bu dillerde de t\u00fcmce kurulu\u015fu eden durumuna dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Kafkas dilleri, Kuzey Kafkas dillerine \u00f6zg\u00fc s\u00f6zc\u00fck da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015ftur. B\u00f6lgedeki yaz\u0131l\u0131 diller resmi dillerdir. Bas\u0131n, radyo ve televizyon yerel dillerde yay\u0131n yapar. \u0130lk \u00f6\u011frenimde de \u00f6\u011frenciler ana dillerinde \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Kuzey Kafkas alfabeleri, 1936-38’de benimsenen Kiril alfabesine dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00c7E\u00c7EN-\u0130NGU\u015eLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00c7e\u00e7enler, Kafkas da\u011f zinciri ile Terek aras\u0131nda kalan da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgede ya\u015f\u0131yorlar. Topraklar\u0131 do\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde Koysu ve bat\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde de Uladikavkaz ile Transkafkasya aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 sa\u011flayan ge\u00e7itle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130\u00e7kerya ad\u0131n\u0131 alan cumhuriyetin ba\u015fkenti Grozni \u015fehridir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 13 bin km\u00b2’<\/strong>lik y\u00fcz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc olan \u00c7e\u00e7en Cumhuriyeti’nin n\u00fcfus yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00c7e\u00e7en-Rus sava\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle t\u00fcm olarak tespit edilememi\u015ftir. \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin 1989 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 1 milyon ki\u015fidir.<\/p>\n \u0130ngu\u015f \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti’nin ba\u015fkenti ise Nasran \u015fehridir. Cumhuriyet 6 bin km\u00b2’lik bir b\u00f6lgeyi kaplamaktad\u0131r. 1989 y\u0131l\u0131 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re \u0130ngu\u015flar 237 bin ki\u015fidir.<\/p>\n Nah dilleri esas olarak \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015f \u00d6SSC’de konu\u015fulur. Bir ba\u015fka Nah dili olan Bats ise G\u00fcrcistan SSC’de konu\u015fulur. \u00c7e\u00e7enler ve \u0130ngu\u015flar B\u00fcy\u00fck Kafkaslar\u0131n orta kesiminde ya\u015farlar. (bak.Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n OSETLER Eski Hint-Avrupa k\u00f6kenli topluluk olarak bilinen Osetler, B\u00fcy\u00fck Kafkaslar\u0131n orta kesiminde ya\u015farlar. Bu topluluk M.\u00d6 7.y.y.’dan Hunlar\u0131n bas\u0131k\u0131s\u0131yla Kafkasya’ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 M.S. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131la de\u011fin G\u00fcney Rusya steplerinde dola\u015fan ve s\u0131rayla \u0130skitler, Sarmatlar, Alanlar olarak an\u0131lan Do\u011fu \u0130ran k\u00f6kenli g\u00f6\u00e7ebe halklar\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Dr. Ufuk Tavkul’un Kafkasya Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131nda Hayat ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda Kafkasya’da konu\u015fulan diller \u00fc\u00e7 ana grupta toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re;<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n KAFKASYA TOPRAKLARINDA YA\u015eAYAN T\u00dcRK TOPLULUKLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n KARA\u00c7AY-MALKARLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar \u00fclkesi Kafkasya’n\u0131n Orta Kafkaslar olarak bilinen merkezi k\u0131sm\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca Kafkasya’n\u0131n de\u011fil, Avrupa’n\u0131n da en y\u00fcksek da\u011flar\u0131 bug\u00fcn Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7indedir.<\/p>\n Kafkas da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde yer alan Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar topraklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ba\u015ftan ba\u015fa Kafkas da\u011flar\u0131 ile kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar halk\u0131n\u0131n “Tav Art\u0131” (Da\u011f Arkas\u0131) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri Kafkas \u00f6tesi \u00fclkelerinden Abhazya ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc-Svanetya b\u00f6lgeleri Kara\u00e7ay-Malkarl\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcney kom\u015fular\u0131d\u0131r. Bat\u0131da Rusya Federe Cumhuriyeti’ne ba\u011fl\u0131 topraklar\u0131 ve az \u00f6tede Adige b\u00f6lgesi yer al\u0131r. Kara\u00e7ay-Malkarl\u0131lar\u0131n kuzeyinde yer alan d\u00fczl\u00fcklerde ise Abazinler, Nogaylar ve Besleney-Rabardey \u00c7erkeslerinin topraklar\u0131 uzanmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fuda Kuzey Osetya Cumhuriyeti ile kom\u015fudurlar. (Ufuk Tavkul, Kafkasya Da\u011flar\u0131nda Hayat ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr)<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar ve Malkarlar birbirinden farkl\u0131 etnik k\u00f6kene, dile, k\u00fclt\u00fcre ve tarihe sahip iki ayr\u0131 halk de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 dil, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tarihi payla\u015fan bir T\u00fcrk boyudur. Kara\u00e7ay ve Malkar adlar\u0131 bu boyun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgenin ad\u0131d\u0131r. (Ufuk Tavkul, Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar T\u00fcrkleri,http:\/\/caucasus.8k.com)<\/p>\n Ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten gelen Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar ve Malkarlar\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fterek bir tarihleri vard\u0131r. Rivayete g\u00f6re Kara\u00e7ay ad\u0131 kabilenin efsanevi ceddi Kara\u00e7ay veya Kar\u00e7a’dan gelmektedir. Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u015fimdi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 Malkar ad\u0131n\u0131 (veya Balkar), Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi Malkar yer isminden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Mahmut ASLANBEY, Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar T\u00fcrkleri’nin Facias\u0131)<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar kendilerine Tavlu “Da\u011fl\u0131” derler. Malkar ad\u0131 Bashan, \u00c7egem, Holam, B\u0131z\u0131ng\u0131 ve Malkar vadilerinde ya\u015fayan da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131 tek bir isim alt\u0131nda toplamak isteyen Sovyet y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan uydurulmu\u015f sun’i bir etnik ve millet ad\u0131d\u0131r. (Ufuk TAVKUL, Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar T\u00fcrkleri ,http:\/\/caucasus.8k.com)<\/p>\n Sovyetler Birli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde ikiye ayr\u0131lan Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar halk\u0131 Kafkasya’da yer alan Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkes \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi ve Kabardin-Balkar \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015famaktayd\u0131lar. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar Rusya Federasyonuna ba\u011fl\u0131 Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkes \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi ve Kabardin -Balkar \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti’ne ba\u011fl\u0131 Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkes Cumhuriyeti’nde, Malkarl\u0131lar ise Kabardin-Balkar Cumhuriyeti’nde ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar yakla\u015f\u0131k 180 bin ki\u015filik n\u00fcfusa sahip iken, Malkarl\u0131lar\u0131n n\u00fcfusu da 100 bine yak\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Malkarl\u0131lar Kafkasya d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, 1943-1944 y\u0131llar\u0131nda s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderildikleri Orta Asya’da, Kazakistan, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve \u00d6zbekistan’da yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 bin ki\u015filik bir n\u00fcfusa sahiptirler. 1886 ve 1905 y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye’ye g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Kara\u00e7ay-Malkarl\u0131lar\u0131 da T\u00fcrkiye’de yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 bin ki\u015fidirler. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Suriye’de \u015eam civar\u0131nda 1500, ABD’de yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 bin Kara\u00e7ay-Malkarl\u0131 ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. (Ufuk Tavkul, a.g.m,http\/\/caucasus.8k.com)<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar halk\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6keni ile ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ileri s\u00fcren \u00e7e\u015fitli bilim adamlar\u0131 Kara\u00e7ay-Malkarlar\u0131n Kafkaslar\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca egemenlikleri alt\u0131nda tutan \u00e7e\u015fitli T\u00fcrk kavimlerinin torunlar\u0131 olduklar\u0131 fikrinde birle\u015fmektedirler. Baz\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131 ise Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar halk\u0131n\u0131n Kafkasya’n\u0131n otokton (yerli) halklar\u0131ndan olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n zamanla dil a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkle\u015ftikleri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin hepsi de ger\u00e7ek pay\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Ancak arkeoloji ve dil bilim ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar halk\u0131n\u0131n etnik yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki h\u00e2kimi unsurun Kafkasya’y\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llarca ellerinde tutan eski T\u00fcrk Kavimlerinin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu ve bunlara Kafkaslar\u0131n yerli halklar\u0131ndan da baz\u0131 etnik gruplar\u0131n kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar halk\u0131n\u0131n etnik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan eski kavimler aras\u0131nda Hunlar-Kara Bulgarlar, Alanlar, Hazarlar ve K\u0131p\u00e7aklar ba\u015fta gelmektedir. Avar ve Pe\u00e7eneklerin de bir dereceye kadar etkili olduklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. (Ufuk Tavkul, Kafkasya Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131nda Hayat ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’si :<\/strong><\/p>\n Dilbilim ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dilinin ana \u00e7izgileriyle tipik bir K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’si oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dili T\u00fcrk dilerinin K\u0131p\u00e7ak kolunun Kafkasya’daki g\u00fcney b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc meydana getirir. Sovyet T\u00fcrkologlar\u0131ndan A.N. Samoylovi\u00e7’in 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda Petrograd’da yay\u0131nlanan “Nekotorie depol neniya k klassifikatsi turetskih yaz\u0131kov” adl\u0131 eserindeki T\u00fcrk dilleri s\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131na g\u00f6re Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dili T\u00fcrk dillerinin “z” kolunun “y” b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn “tav-,bol-,kalgan” grubuna girer. Buna g\u00f6re Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dilinde eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e azak (adak) yerine ayak, tag (da\u011f) yerine tav, olmak yerine bolmak, kalan yerin kalgan bi\u00e7imleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlardan ba\u015fka Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dilinde ben yerine men, bi\u00e7iminin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, kelime ba\u015flar\u0131nda -d- yerine t,g yerine -k- seslerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, -y- sesinin -c- sesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi de K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’sinin \u00f6zellikleridir.<\/p>\n KARA\u00c7AY-MALKAR D\u0130L\u0130N\u0130N D\u0130YALEKTLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Malkarlar dillerini “Tav til” (da\u011f dili) ya da “Tav\u00e7a” (da\u011fca) bi\u00e7imlerinde adland\u0131r\u0131rlar. Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’si tarihi geli\u015fimi i\u00e7erisinde iki \u00f6nemli diyalekte ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar ilk bak\u0131\u015fta san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Kara\u00e7ay ve Malkar (Balkar) diyalektleri ya da dilleri de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Kara\u00e7ay b\u00f6lgesinde ve Malkar topraklar\u0131n\u0131n Bashan, \u00c7egem vadilerinde konu\u015fulan dil birbirinden farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir ve Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar halk\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde doksan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulan bu diyalekt Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar yaz\u0131 dilini meydana getirir. Az say\u0131da insan taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulan ikinci diyalekt ise Malkar b\u00f6lgesinin \u00c7erek vadisinde konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r. Holam ve B\u0131z\u0131ng\u0131 vadilerinde konu\u015fulan dil de \u00c7erek diyalektinin etkisi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dili Wilhelm Pr\u00f6hle, Omeljan Pritsak gibi Avrupal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 T\u00fcrkologlar\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekmi\u015fse de, T\u00fcrkiye’de hen\u00fcz bu konuda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortaya konmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’deki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n bir \u00e7o\u011fu daha \u00f6nce yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gramer ve s\u00f6zl\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 kaynak alarak Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dili hakk\u0131nda bir tak\u0131m fikirler ileri s\u00fcrmektedirler. Bu gibi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en b\u00fcy\u00fck hatalardan biri Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar\u0131 ve Malkarl\u0131lar\u0131 birbirinden ayr\u0131 iki halk sanmalar\u0131 ve dillerinin de birbirinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeleridir.<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dilinin \u00f6zelliklerini tam anlam\u0131yla inceleyebilmek i\u00e7in, \u00f6ncelikle Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar halk\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenini, tarihini, sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 derinlemesine incelemek ve anlamak gerekir. Y\u00fczeysel ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar sonucunda elde edilen bilgiler Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dilinin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tam anlam\u0131yla ortaya koymaktan uzakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye’de Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dili ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bir \u00e7o\u011fu Wilhelm Pr\u00f6hle’nin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na ve toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil malzemesine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Pr\u00f6hle 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda Malkar b\u00f6lgesinin \u00c7erek vadisine gitmi\u015f ve Malkar dili \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7erek vadisinde yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Pr\u00f6hle’nin toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 materyaller Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dilinin \u00c7erek diyalektini i\u00e7ine almaktad\u0131r.Pr\u00f6hle Bashan ve \u00c7egem vadilerinde de ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapsayd\u0131 orada konu\u015fulan dilin Kara\u00e7ay b\u00f6lgesinde konu\u015fulan dilden pek farkl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6recekti.<\/p>\n Pr\u00f6hle’nin \u00c7erek vadisinde bulundu\u011fu ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 oradan derledi\u011fi dil malzemesine dayand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 materyaller i\u00e7inde de g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. (Keleti Szemle, T. XVI, Budapest, 1915-1916, s. 121)<\/p>\n “Malkarda onming adam za\u015fayd\u0131. Elibizde Tserek degen suvubuz ogart\u0131n eni\u015fke barad\u0131…” (Malkar’da onbin ki\u015fi ya\u015f\u0131yor. Memleketimizde \u00c7erek denilen \u0131rma\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya ak\u0131yor\/ gidiyor…)<\/p>\n Pr\u00f6hle’nin 1915 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Kuzey Kafkasya’da ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ralarda Malkar (Balkar) ad\u0131 yaln\u0131zca \u00c7erek vadisinde ya\u015fayan da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131yordu. Bashan, \u00c7egem ve Kara\u00e7ay b\u00f6lgelerindeki halk ise ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 vadilerin adlar\u0131 ile an\u0131l\u0131yordu. Yani, \u00c7erek vadisindekiler kendilerine Malkarl\u0131 derken, Bashan vadisindekiler Bashan\u00e7\u0131, \u00c7egem vadisindekiler \u00c7egemli, Kara\u00e7ay’dakiler de Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131 adlar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Hepsi birden kendilerine Tavlu (Da\u011fl\u0131) ad\u0131n\u0131 veriyorlard\u0131. 1917 Sovyet \u0130htil\u00e2li’nden sonra Kuzey Kafkasya’y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Bol\u015fevikler yeni idari sistemler meydana getirdiler. Kara\u00e7ay b\u00f6lgesini \u00c7erkeslerle birle\u015ftirerek Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkes \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi’ni kuran Sovyetler, Bashan (Malkar) ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirerek, Kabardey \u00c7erkesleri ile birlikte kurulan Kabardin-Balkar \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti’ne ba\u011fland\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece 1922 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra sun’i olarak birbirinden ayr\u0131 gibi g\u00f6sterilen Kara\u00e7ay ve Balkar halklar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n Pr\u00f6hle’nin 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7erek vadisinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 Keleti Szemlele’de “Balkarische Studien” ad\u0131yla yay\u0131nlamas\u0131 ve 1922’den sonra Sovyetler’in Bashan ve \u00c7egemliler’le \u00c7erek vadisinde ya\u015fayanlar\u0131 Balkar ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirerek sun’i bir halk yaratmalar\u0131, Balkar ad\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel literat\u00fcre de Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar’dan farl\u0131 bir halkm\u0131\u015f gibi girmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Daha sonraki y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda \u00c7erek diyalektinin \u00f6zellikleri Balkar(Malkar) dilinin genel \u00f6zellikleriymi\u015f gibi g\u00f6sterildi ve Kara\u00e7yaca ile aras\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131 inceleyen bir \u00e7ok makale ve ansiklopedi maddesi yaz\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dilinin diyalektleri Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem diyalekti ve \u00c7erek diyalekti olmak \u00fczere iki ana grupta toplanabilir. Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem diyalekti ile \u00c7erek diyalekti birka\u00e7 fonetik ve morfolojik \u00f6zellik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirlerinden ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n Fonetik Y\u00f6nden Farl\u0131l\u0131klar<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/u>“\u00c7” Sesinin Durumu<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong>Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem diyalektindeki -\u00e7- sesi \u00c7erek diyalektinde s\u0131z\u0131c\u0131 -ts- sesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem \u00c7erek<\/strong><\/p>\n B\u0131\u00e7ak B\u0131tsak<\/p>\n A\u00e7h\u0131\u00e7 Atsh\u0131ts (anahtar)<\/p>\n \u00dc\u00e7 \u00dcts<\/p>\n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck K\u00fcts\u00fck (k\u00f6pek yavrusu)<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem diyalektindeki -c- sesi \u00c7erek diyalektinde s\u0131z\u0131c\u0131 z (dz) sesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem \u00c7erek<\/strong><\/p>\n C\u0131lan Dz\u0131lan (y\u0131lan)<\/p>\n Ca\u015f Dza\u015f (gen\u00e7)<\/p>\n Col Dzol (yol)<\/p>\n Cugutur Dzugutur (da\u011f ke\u00e7isi)<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en b\u00fcy\u00fck hatalardan biri Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dilinde kelime ba\u015f\u0131ndaki -c- sesinin durumudur. T\u00fcrkiye’de Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dili \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n bir \u00e7o\u011funda Kara\u00e7ayca s\u00f6z ba\u015f\u0131ndaki -c- sesi Balkarca da -z- sesine e\u015fit g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n yararland\u0131klar\u0131 kaynaklar incelendi\u011finde hemen hepsinin Kar\u00e7ayca ve Balkarca (Malkarca kelimeler i\u00e7in Pr\u00f6hle’nin Keleti Szemle’de yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fckleri kulland\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Kelime ba\u015f\u0131ndaki -z- (dz) sesi b\u00fct\u00fcn Malkar b\u00f6lgesinin de\u011fil, yaln\u0131zca \u00c7erek vadisinde konu\u015fulan diyalektin bir \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. Ayr\u0131ca Holam-B\u0131z\u0131ng\u0131 vadileri ile \u00c7egem’in bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde s\u00f6z ba\u015f\u0131nda -c- sesi yerine -j- sesine de rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n S\u00f6z ba\u015f\u0131nda -j- sesinin h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerin Kabardey \u00c7erkesleri’ne, -z- (dz) sesinin h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerin ise Oset ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc-Svanlar’a yak\u0131n olmas\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgelerde konu\u015fulan dilin fonetik y\u00f6nden Kabardey ve Oset dillerinden etkilenmi\u015f olabilece\u011fini akla getirmektedir. Mesel\u00e2 Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar dilinde Canbolat ve Canhot bi\u00e7iminde s\u00f6ylenen isimler Kabardeyce’de Janbolat ve Janhot, Oset\u00e7e’de ise Zanbolat ve Zanhot \u015fekillerindedir.<\/p>\n “b-p” Seslerinin Durumu<\/strong><\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem diyalektindeki b-p sesleri \u00c7erek diyalektinde -f- sesine yak\u0131n bir bi\u00e7imdedir.<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem \u00c7erek<\/strong><\/p>\n Aca\u015f\u0131b Adza\u015f\u0131f (\u015fa\u015f\u0131r\u0131p)<\/p>\n Tapcan Tafdzan (sedir)<\/p>\n \u00dcle\u015finibdi \u00dcle\u015finifdi (payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f)<\/p>\n Tulpar Tulfar (yi\u011fit)<\/p>\n K\u00f6p K\u00f6f (\u00e7ok)<\/p>\n Ancak b-p seslerinin \u00c7erek diyalektinde -f- sesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi kesin bir kural de\u011fildir, b-p seslerinin korundu\u011fu \u015fekiller de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem diyalektinde \u00f6n vokallerden \u00f6nce daima \u00f6n damak konsonant\u0131 -k- sesi geldi\u011fi halde, \u00c7erek diyalektinde \u00f6n vokallerden \u00f6nce art damak konsonant\u0131 -q- sesine yak\u0131n bir sesin bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem \u00c7erek<\/strong><\/p>\n Kiyiz Giyiz (ke\u00e7e)<\/p>\n Keng Geng (geni\u015f)<\/p>\n K\u00f6z G\u00f6z (g\u00f6z)<\/p>\n K\u00fczg\u00fc G\u00fczg\u00fc (ayna)<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem diyalektindeki k-g sesleri \u00c7erek diyalektinde bazen -h- sesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Ketgen Kethen (giden)<\/p>\n Kenge\u015fgen Genge\u015fhen (dan\u0131\u015fan)<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem diyalektinin kendi i\u00e7inde, \u00f6zellikle \u00c7egem, Holam, B\u0131z\u0131ng\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde s\u00f6z ba\u015f\u0131nda c-j ses de\u011fi\u015fmesine rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n Cang\u0131 Jang\u0131 (yeni)<\/p>\n Culduz Julduz (y\u0131ld\u0131z)<\/p>\n Car\u0131k Jar\u0131k (\u0131\u015f\u0131k, ayd\u0131nl\u0131k)<\/p>\n Cay Jay (yaz)<\/p>\n Cayav Jayav (yaya)<\/p>\n Morfolojik Y\u00f6nden Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar<\/strong><\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7erek diyalektini \u00c7erek diyalektinden ay\u0131ran fonetik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, morfolojik<\/p>\n y\u00f6nden de baz\u0131 ayr\u0131l\u0131klar bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Teklik birinci \u015fah\u0131s emir eki Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem diyalektinde -ay\u0131m-\/-eyim bi\u00e7iminde iken, \u00c7erek diyalektinde -ay\u0131n-\/-eyin \u015fekline rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n Baray\u0131m Baray\u0131n (gideyim)<\/p>\n Aytay\u0131m Aytay\u0131n (s\u00f6yleyim)<\/p>\n Bereyim Bereyin (vereyim)<\/p>\n K\u00f6reyim K\u00f6reyin (g\u00f6reyim)<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem diyalektinde birinci tip \u015fah\u0131s eklerinin, teklik birinci \u015fah\u0131s i\u00e7in -ma\/-me olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, \u00c7erek diyalektinde -man\/-men \u015fekli mevcuttur. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, ikinci tekil \u015fah\u0131s eki de -san\/-sen bi\u00e7imindedir.<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem \u00c7erek<\/strong><\/p>\n Alganma Alganman (alm\u0131\u015f\u0131m)<\/p>\n Bolasa Bolasan (oluyorsun)<\/p>\n K\u0131c\u0131rarma K\u0131c\u0131rarman (azarlar\u0131m)<\/p>\n Saylaysa Saylaysan (se\u00e7iyorsun)<\/p>\n Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rneklerde \u00c7erek diyalektinde asli \u015feklin korundu\u011fu, Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem diyalektinde -n- sesinin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Gelecek zaman ekinin \u00c7erek diyalektinde -ar- l\u0131k\/-erlik \u015fekline olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem diyalekti bu y\u00f6nden farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlere sahiptir. Ancak incelendi\u011finde \u00c7erek diyalektindeki gelecek zaman ekinin asli \u015fekil oldu\u011fu, Kara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem diyalektinde bu ekin zamanla de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmektedir.<\/p>\n \u00c7erekKara\u00e7ay-Bashan-\u00c7egem<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6serlikdi\u00f6serikdi (b\u00fcy\u00fcyecek)<\/p>\n A\u015farl\u0131kd\u0131a\u015far\u0131kd\u0131 (yiyecek)<\/p>\n Minerlikdiminnikdi\/minerikdi (binecek)<\/p>\n Tururlukduturlukdu (kalkacak)<\/p>\n NOGAYLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n Nogaylar bug\u00fcn Kafkasya’da varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte olan T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131ndan biridir. K\u0131p\u00e7ak grubuna dahil olan Nogaylar\u0131n baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re Mo\u011fol kabilesinden olan Mang\u0131tlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re ise Uz ve Pe\u00e7enek T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131ndan geldikleri tahmin edilmektedir. (Bavbek, Osman, Nogay T\u00fcrkleri, T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc , Mart 1986 , Say\u0131 275, s. 160). Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kafal\u0131’ya g\u00f6re, Cuci ulusunun en \u00f6nemli kabilelerinden birisi olan Mang\u0131tlar a\u00e7\u0131klanamayan sebeplerden dolay\u0131 Nogay ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Nogaylar\u0131n tarihinde Nogay’dan \u00e7ok Edige ad\u0131 ge\u00e7mektedir. Bu T\u00fcrk toplulu\u011fu; Astrahan, Kuzey Kafkasya’da, K\u0131r\u0131m, Romanya ve T\u00fcrkiye’de Nogay ad\u0131 ile, T\u00fcrkistan’da, \u00f6zellikle Buhara ve Hive’de Mang\u0131t ad\u0131yla tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. (BAVBEK, a.g.m. s. 160.)<\/p>\n Nogay kelimesi Mo\u011falca’d\u0131r ve “k\u00f6pek” anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. (Alpargu, a.g.m. s. 195.)<\/p>\n Nogay T\u00fcrklerinin Tarihi<\/strong><\/p>\n Cuci’nin o\u011flu Mo\u011fol’un torunu olan Nogay, Alt\u0131n Ordu y\u00f6netiminde s\u00f6z sahibi bir t\u00fcmen beyidir. Nogay’\u0131n idaresinde toplanan beyler, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra onun ad\u0131yla an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar ve Alt\u0131n Ordu’nun y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Nogay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. \u0130dil’den (Volga) Balka\u015f’a, Hazar Denizi’nden Aral G\u00f6l\u00fc’ne kadar uzanan bu hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n merkezi Sarayc\u0131k olmu\u015ftur. Bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk boyunun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu hanl\u0131kta as\u0131l s\u00f6z sahibi olanlar Nogaylard\u0131r. (BAVBEK, a.g.m. s. 161.)<\/p>\n Etnograflardan Georgi 18. y.y.’da Nogaylar\u0131n yay\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 yerle\u015fme sahas\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6sterir :<\/p>\n 1783’te Rus ordusu Kuban ve Don aras\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7ebe hayat\u0131 ya\u015fayan Nogay T\u00fcrklerine sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yok etmi\u015ftir. Sa\u011f kalanlar Kuban’\u0131n sol k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Edigelere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (ALPARGU, a.g.m., s. 2000)<\/p>\n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Nogaylardan geriye kalanlar Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. 19. y.y.’da Rus sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 sebebiyle g\u00f6\u00e7 edenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok fazlad\u0131r. Bu y\u0131llarda g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in evlerin yak\u0131lmas\u0131, insanlar\u0131n iskelelere y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi olaylar\u0131n belgeleri ar\u015fivlerde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Hatta o y\u0131llarda Kafkasya’da bulunan General Odomikof’a buradaki asayi\u015fin nas\u0131l d\u00fczeltilece\u011fi soruldu\u011funda al\u0131nan cevap “Nogay ahalisinin bulunduklar\u0131 yerlerden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131yla” olmu\u015f ve bu Rus gazetelerinde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (SAYDAM, Abdullah, Rus S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finde Uygulanan Demografik Y\u00f6ntemler: K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkasya \u00d6rne\u011fi, Avrasya Et\u00fctleri, Say\u0131 2, Yaz 1996, s. 118.)<\/p>\n 18 Kas\u0131m 1868’den itibaren Bat\u0131 Kafkasya’dan Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na gelen Nogaylar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde 11.309’a ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Adana ve Dobruca’ya g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. 1863 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Nogaylar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 30 bin’i bulmu\u015ftur. Bunlar\u0131n tamam\u0131 Yedisan, Be\u015fna ve Canboyluk kabilelerine mensupturlar. (Alpargu, a.g.m, s. 201)<\/p>\n Kuban ve Terek’in kuzeyi ele ge\u00e7irildikten sonra binlerce Nogay ve Kalmuk ailesi Da\u011f\u0131stan ve \u00c7erkes kuvvetleriyle birle\u015fmesinler diye Volga’n\u0131n \u00f6tesine g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilmi\u015flerdir. Onlar\u0131n yerine de Rus k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu sistemli politika ile Rusya’n\u0131n hemen her yerinde oldu\u011fu gibi Kafkasya’da da demografik bak\u0131mdan Ruslar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn olmas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Saydam, a.g.m. s. 122-123)<\/p>\n Sosyal ve Ekonomik Yap\u0131 (Saydam, a.g.m s. 122-123.)<\/p>\n Ac\u0131bayramovi\u00e7’e g\u00f6re 1991 tarihi esas al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn SSCB s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde 90.000 Nogay T\u00fcrk\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r. (Alpargu, a.g.m. s. 207.)<\/p>\n Nogaylar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerlerin isimleri daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde \u015f\u00f6yledir :<\/p>\n Da\u011f\u0131stan Muhtar Cumhuriyeti’nin Nogay B\u00f6lgesi, K\u0131z\u0131lyar, Babayurt, Hasavyurt, Tarumovka B\u00f6lgeleri, Stavropol Kray\u0131’n\u0131n Neftekum B\u00f6lgesi, Ko\u00e7ubey B\u00f6lgesi (Karamurza K\u00f6y\u00fc) ve Mineralovod \u015eehri (Kangl\u0131 K\u00f6y\u00fc), \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015f Muhtar Cumhuriyeti’nde Kargalin, Turum ve \u015eelkovskoy B\u00f6lgeleri, Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkes Cumhuriyeti’nde Adige Habl ve Habez B\u00f6lgeleri (Erkin Yurt, Erkin Halk, Adil Halk, \u00dcyken Halk, K\u0131z\u0131l Yurt, Kuban Halk ve K\u0131z\u0131l Togay K\u00f6yleri) \u00c7erkessk \u015eehri, Prikuban B\u00f6lgesindeki Put \u0130lyi\u00e7a K\u00f6y\u00fc, Romanya’n\u0131n Dobruca B\u00f6lgesi, T\u00fcrkiye’de Konya ve Eski\u015fehir’in baz\u0131 k\u00f6yleri. (KALMIKOVA, S.A., Nogay Halk Y\u0131rlar\u0131, Moskova 1969, s. 14.)<\/p>\n Tarih boyunca tam bir g\u00f6\u00e7ebe hayat\u0131 ya\u015fayan Nogaylar\u0131n ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131 hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r. 18. y.y.’da Kuban Nogaylar\u0131, 19. y.y’\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda da A\u00e7ikulak Nogaylar\u0131 ziraat yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda demircilik, dericilik de yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (Alpargu, a.g.m., s. 203.) Sunni olup \u015eafii mezhebine mensup olan Nogaylar\u0131n inan\u00e7 ve milli yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Ruslarla kar\u0131\u015fmamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131, yap\u0131lan istatistiklerden anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. (Alpargu, a.g.m., s. 205).<\/p>\n Nogay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi A\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n T\u00fcrk dilinin K\u0131p\u00e7ak grubuna giren Nogay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi di\u011fer T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7eleri i\u00e7inde en \u00e7ok Kazak\u00e7a ve Karakalpak\u00e7aya yak\u0131nd\u0131r. (EREN, a.g.m., s.310.)<\/p>\n Nogay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin \u00fc\u00e7 a\u011fz\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bunlar; Ak Nogay, Kara Nogay ve As\u0131l Nogay a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131d\u0131r. Edebi dil Ak Nogay a\u011fz\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ak Nogay a\u011fz\u0131, Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkes Cumhuriyeti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r. Bu a\u011fza eskiden sadece Nogay denmekteydi. Kara Nogay a\u011fz\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131stan Muhtar Cumhuriyeti’nde konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r. As\u0131l Nogay a\u011fz\u0131 ise Stavropol Kray\u0131’n\u0131n A\u00e7ikulak ve Koyasula b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r. Bu a\u011f\u0131zlar aras\u0131nda hem fonetik ve morfolojik olarak, hem de kelime hazinesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131l\u0131klar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu a\u011f\u0131zlardaki baz\u0131 karakteristik \u00f6zellikler \u015funlard\u0131r :<\/p>\n KUMUKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n Kumuklar \u00d6zerk Da\u011f\u0131stan Cumhuriyeti’nde ya\u015farlar. 1989 say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re 282.178 Kumuk vard\u0131r. Hazar Denizi’nin kuzey k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 boyunca uzanan Da\u011f\u0131stan Cumhuriyeti topraklar\u0131na yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00d6zerk \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015f ve \u00d6zerk Kuzey Ossetion b\u00f6lgelerinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topluluklar bi\u00e7iminde Kumuklar ya\u015far.<\/p>\n “Kumuk” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6keni ile ilgili de\u011fi\u015fik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ad\u0131n birbirine yak\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik s\u00f6yleni\u015fleri vard\u0131r. DLT’de “Kumuk” s\u00f6z\u00fc “bir zaman yan\u0131nda bulundu\u011fum beylerden birinin ad\u0131” bi\u00e7iminde a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. “Kumukla-” eylemi ise “Bir kimsenin Kumuk boyundan oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmek istersen b\u00f6yle denir. Bu bir adam\u0131n ad\u0131d\u0131r” bi\u00e7iminde tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Kimileri bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn K\u0131p\u00e7ak yerine kullan\u0131lan “Kimaki” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrerler. Bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm bilim adam\u0131 ise Lak yerle\u015fmesi anlam\u0131na gelen “Kaz\u0131kumuk” ad\u0131yla ilgili oldu\u011funu savunur. Kimi bilim adamlar\u0131 “kum” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ilgili oldu\u011funu bildirir.<\/p>\n Son zamanlara dek Da\u011f\u0131stan da\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131nda ya\u015fayanlar “kumuk” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc oval\u0131k ve bozk\u0131rlarda ya\u015fayanlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131rlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kumuk ge\u00e7mi\u015fi \u00fczerine sa\u011flam bilgilerden yoksunuz Ahmet Cafero\u011flu’na g\u00f6re, 7. y.y’dan ba\u015flayarak Hazar Devleti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131rlar. O\u011fuz-K\u0131p\u00e7ak boylar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan olu\u015furlar.<\/p>\n Kumuklar say\u0131ca az olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131l\u0131rlar. Uzun s\u00fcre bir birlik olu\u015fturamazlar. 13. y.y’da Cengiz Han d\u00f6neminde B\u00fcy\u00fck ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckorda birlikleri i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131rlar. Sonra bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Rus, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u0130ran egemenli\u011fine girer.<\/p>\n Yaz\u0131n<\/strong><\/p>\n Kumuk yaz\u0131 gelene\u011fi XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 2. yar\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flar. \u0130lk olarak kilise kullan\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca romanlar yaz\u0131lmaya ba\u015flan\u0131r. 1883’te St. Petersburg’da bas\u0131lan Muhammed Osmanzade’nin “Nogay ve Kumuk \u015eiirleri Antolojisi” ilk yaz\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilebilir.<\/p>\n Kumuk T\u00fcrk\u00e7esiyle ilgili bilgiler Klaproth’un Kaukasische Saprache (Kafkas Dilleri) 1814 adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n Kaukasische Sprachproben (Kafkas\u00e7a dil \u00f6rnekleri) adl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bulunur. Julius Nehmeth’in Kumuk\u00e7a \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 daha kapsaml\u0131d\u0131r 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan Keleti Szemle dergisinin 12. say\u0131s\u0131nda Kum\u00fckisches Studien I. B\u00f6l\u00fcm ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda ilk incelemelerini yay\u0131nlar. Burada Kumuk\u00e7a ve Balkarcan\u0131n s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015fler. Ayn\u0131 dergisinin 1913’te yay\u0131nlanan 13. say\u0131s\u0131nda Kumuk\u00e7a halk \u015fiiri \u00f6rneklerini ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kumuk T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi 1918 Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131 ulusal kurultay\u0131nda t\u00fcm Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n birle\u015ftirici ortak dili kabul edilir.<\/p>\n Kumuklar \u00f6nce Arap yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rlar. Ama bu yaz\u0131 Kumuk\u00e7an\u0131n ses \u00f6zelliklerini gere\u011fi gibi yans\u0131tmaz. Kumuk halk\u0131n\u0131n cahil kalmas\u0131na neden olur. Devrimden sonra yeni bir yaz\u0131 dili yarat\u0131l\u0131r. 1972’de Latin yaz\u0131s\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flan\u0131r. 19387’den beri ise Kiril yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kumuk\u00e7a Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n birbirinden etkilenen alt\u0131 yaz\u0131n dilinden biridir. Bu etkilenmenin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 1910’da Balkar ve Kumuk dillerini incelemek i\u00e7in Kafkasya’ya gelen \u00fcnl\u00fc Macar bilim adam\u0131 Nemeth, devrimden \u00f6nce ortaya koyar. Devrimden sonra Kumuk\u00e7ada Rus\u00e7adan al\u0131nan s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin say\u0131s\u0131 artar.<\/p>\n Kumuk\u00e7a \u00fc\u00e7 a\u011f\u0131za ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Buynak, Hasayyurt, Kaytak, Buynak ve Hasvyurt a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131 yaz\u0131 dilini olu\u015ftururlar. Bunlar Kaytak a\u011fz\u0131ndan ses, yap\u0131, t\u00fcmce bilgisi ve s\u00f6zc\u00fck da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131mlar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kumuk\u00e7an\u0131n s\u00f6zvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenini T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u00f6zc\u00fckler olu\u015fturur. Arap\u00e7a-Fars\u00e7a s\u00f6zler yan\u0131nda son d\u00f6nemlerde al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Rus\u00e7a \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 s\u00f6zler bulunur. Ayr\u0131ca Kafkas dillerinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zc\u00fckler vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Dil \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n Kumuk T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ses \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle Bekir S\u0131tk\u0131 \u00c7obanz\u00e2de, Kumuk\u00e7ay\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ile Kazak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi aras\u0131nda bir yere koyar. Samoylovi\u00e7 da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e dil b\u00f6l\u00fcmlemesinde Kumuk\u00e7ay\u0131 konu\u015fuldu\u011fu alan ve yak\u0131n ili\u015fkileri nedeniyle Azericeye yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011finir. Ger\u00e7ekten de Kumuk\u00e7a kimi \u00f6nemli ses \u00f6zellikleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kendi \u00f6be\u011findeki \u00f6b\u00fcr dillerden ayr\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00f6zgelimi Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin \u00f6nsesteki “y” sesi Kumuk\u00e7ada korunmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Kara\u00e7aycada “c”, Balkarcada “c” Kumuk\u00e7a Kara\u00e7ayca Balkarca<\/strong><\/p>\n Yaz Caz Zaz<\/p>\n Y\u0131lk\u0131 C\u0131lk\u0131 Z\u0131lk\u0131<\/p>\n Yen Cen Zen<\/p>\n Kumuk\u00e7ada sekiz \u00fcnl\u00fc vard\u0131r. Yaz\u0131 dilinde a\u00e7\u0131k ve kapal\u0131 \/e\/ \u00fcnl\u00fcleri ayn\u0131 yaza\u00e7la g\u00f6sterilir. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumu kal\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerde daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde egemendir. Birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnekte \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumu bozulmu\u015ftur :<\/p>\n Yila- ‘a\u011flamak’ \u00e7a\u00e7ira- ‘s\u0131\u00e7ramak’<\/p>\n Babi\u015f ‘\u00f6rdek’<\/p>\n Dudak benze\u015fmesi tam olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kimi s\u00f6zc\u00fcklere gelen eklerde dudak uyumuna do\u011fru bir e\u011filim g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Kumuk\u00e7ada T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin birincil uzun \u00fcnl\u00fcleri bulunmaz. Kimi ses olaylar\u0131 sonucu ikincil uzun -u- \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc ge\u00e7er :<\/p>\n T\u4370- ‘do\u011fmak’ b\u5060- ‘bo\u011fmak’<\/p>\n Ancak s\u00f6yleni\u015fte ara \u00fcnl\u00fcler vard\u0131r. S\u00f6zgelimi -u- \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc ile -\u00fc- \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc aras\u0131nda s\u00f6ylen bir -\u4f64- sesi vard\u0131r. Kimi kez -\u00fc-, kimileyin -i- \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fcnden d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr :<\/p>\n \u00da\u00e7\u00fan< ET \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ‘i\u00e7in’ t\u00fap<ET t\u00fcp ‘dip’<\/p>\n \u00day-n\u00fa<ET eb ‘evi’ t\u00fappe t\u00faz<ET t\u00fcp t\u00fcz ‘d\u00fcpe d\u00fcz’<\/p>\n K\u00fay-\u00fa bulunan ‘bununla birlikte’ \u00fc\u00e7<ET \u00fc\u00e7 ‘\u00fc\u00e7’<\/p>\n Yukar\u0131da \u00fcnl\u00fcye ko\u015fut \u4f64 \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc vard\u0131r. o ile \u00f6 aras\u0131nda bir \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n D\u4f64rt ‘d\u00f6rt’ k\u4f64p ‘\u00e7ok’<\/p>\n \u00f6zge ‘ba\u015fka’ g\u08f0re ‘g\u00f6re’<\/p>\n \u00d6nseste \u5940, e< i de\u011fi\u015fimi izlenir :<\/p>\n \u0130yer- ‘izlemek'<ET. \u00e4d\u00e4r- iy- ’emek'<ET. \u00e4g- iyle- ‘\u0131slatmak'<OT \u00e4dl\u00e4-<\/p>\n \u0130ri- ‘erimek'<ET. eri-<\/p>\n Dudak \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin etkisiyle kimi s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerde yuvarlakla\u015fma olur<\/p>\n Awzubuz ‘a\u011fz\u0131m\u0131z’ aw\u00e7u ‘avc\u0131’ bawubuz ‘ba\u011f\u0131m\u0131z’ kamu\u015f ‘kam\u0131\u015f’ bulan ‘ile'<ET. bil\u00e4<\/p>\n \u00dcy\u00fcr ‘s\u00fcr\u00fc'<ET. \u00f6g\u00fcr<\/p>\n Kumuk\u00e7ada yirmi \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcns\u00fcz kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Birtak\u0131m \u00fcns\u00fczler salt al\u0131nt\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerde ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n \u00d6nseste b- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc genellikle korunur :<\/p>\n Bar- ‘varmak’ ber- ‘vermek’ bol- ‘olmak’ barmak ‘parmak’ bek ‘pek’<\/p>\n Bi\u015f- ‘pi\u015fmek’<\/p>\n Bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk dilinde oldu\u011fu gibi ard\u0131ndan gelen burunsal \u00f1 \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisi ile kimi s\u00f6zlerde -m- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olur : Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin i\u00e7sesteki -b- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc kimi s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerde -m- ile kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r :<\/p>\n T\u00f6men<ET t\u00f6b\u00fcn ‘a\u015fa\u011f\u0131’komuz<ET kobuz ‘akardiyon, m\u0131z\u0131ka’<\/p>\n Bunun yan\u0131nda kimi s\u00f6zlerde b- sesi korunur :<\/p>\n Boyun ‘boyun’ burun ‘burun’ bar\u0131 ‘t\u00fcm\u00fc’ baw ‘ba\u011f’<\/p>\n Kimi s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerde Hala\u00e7cada oludu\u011fu gibi s\u00f6zba\u015f\u0131nda h- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc bulunur :<\/p>\n Hau ‘av’ hiz ‘iz’ hin’in’ h\ua1f0k\u5940n- ‘pi\u015fman olmak’<\/p>\n \u00d6ndamaks\u0131l -g- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc -y- \u00fcnzs\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr :<\/p>\n Biy ‘bey'<ET. b\u00e4g iyir- ‘e\u011firmek'<ET. \u00e4gir- kiyir-sokmak'<ET. kig\u00fcr- t\u00fcy- ‘d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlemek'<ET. t\u00fcg.<\/p>\n \u00dcyren- ‘\u00f6\u011frenmek'<ET.\u00f6gr\u00e4n- \u00fcyret- ‘\u00f6\u011fretmek’ <ET. \u00f6gr\u00e4t-\u00fcy\u00fcr ‘s\u00fcr\u00fc'<ET. \u00f6g\u00fcr<\/p>\n Artdamaks\u0131l -\u011f-\u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc -w- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr :<\/p>\n Awur ‘a\u011f\u0131r’ awuz<ET a\u011f\u0131z ‘a\u011f\u0131z’ awruw ‘a\u011fr\u0131’ aruw<ET ar\u0131g ‘ar\u0131, temiz’<\/p>\n aytuw ‘konu\u015fma'<ET. ayt\u0131g getaw ‘gidi\u015f'<ET. ketig s\u00fcy\u00fcw ‘sevgi'<ET. s\u00e4big<\/p>\n Burunsal \u5940 sesi korunur :<\/p>\n Mi\u5940 ‘bin’ ta_\u0131 ‘sabah, tan’ de_iz ‘deniz’<\/p>\n \u00d6nseste ince k- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc g- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr :<\/p>\n Ge\u00e7-<ET K\u00e4\u00e7- ‘ge\u00e7mek’ ge\u00e7<Et. ke\u00e7 ‘ge\u00e7’ ge\u00e7e ‘gece'<ET. ke\u00e7\u00e4<\/p>\n Gel-<ET. K\u00e4L- ‘gelmek’ gerti ‘do\u011fru’ ET. kerti geter,-<ET. ket\u00e4r- ‘getirmek’<\/p>\n G\u00f6ter- ‘kald\u0131rmak'<ET. k\u00f6t\u00fcr g\u00f6z<ET k\u00f6z ‘g\u00f6z’-<\/p>\n Gindik<ET kindik ‘g\u00f6bek’ gerti<ET kirt\u00fc ‘do\u011fru, ger\u00e7er’<\/p>\n Gemede geme\u00e7ibulan uru\u015fma ‘Gemide gemici ile d\u00f6\u011f\u00fc\u015fme’<\/p>\n Ge\u00e7e y\u00fcr\u00fcgen erten s\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcr ‘Gece y\u00fcr\u00fcyer, sabah sevinir’<\/p>\n G\u00fcn g\u00f6rmegen g\u00fcn g\u00f6rse ‘G\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6rmeyen, g\u00f6ne\u015f g\u00f6rse’<\/p>\n G\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u00e7\u0131rak yand\u0131r\u0131r ‘G\u00fcnd\u00fcz mum yakar’<\/p>\n G\u00f6k g\u00f6g\u00fcr\u00e7\u00fcn men bolup ‘Mavi g\u00fcvercin men olup’<\/p>\n S\u00f6z ba\u015f\u0131nda k- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc kimi s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerde g\u0131rtlaks\u0131 s\u0131z\u0131c\u0131 x- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr :<\/p>\n Xon\u015fu<Et kon\u015f\u0131 ‘kom\u015fu’ Xum<ET kum ‘kum’<\/p>\n Xurt<ET kurt ‘kurt’ Xa\u015f\u0131-<ET ka\u015f\u0131- ‘ka\u015f\u0131mak’<\/p>\n \u00d6nseste y- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc \u00e7ok kez korunur :<\/p>\n Yi\u011fit<ET yigit ‘yi\u011fit’ Yannur<ET yagmur ‘ya\u011fmur’<\/p>\n Yigirmi<ET yigirmi ‘yirmi’ Y\u0131r<ET ‘\u015fark\u0131, t\u00fcrk\u00fc’<\/p>\n Yasavul<Yasa ‘kunun adam\u0131’ yolav\u00e7u<ET Yol ‘yolcu’<\/p>\n Ancak kimi \u00f6rneklerde -\u00f6zellikle \u0131,i ve u \u00f6n\u00fcnde- \u00f6b\u00fcr K\u0131p\u00e7ak dillerinde oldu\u011fu gibi -c- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr :<\/p>\n Cibin ‘sinek’ cuw- ‘yunmak’<\/p>\n C\u0131y- ‘y\u0131\u011fmak’ cigirgen- ET yigr\u00e4n<\/p>\n \u00d6nseste -t- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn durumu iki t\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kimi \u00f6rneklerde -d- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr :<\/p>\n De- ‘demik’ den\uf490iz ‘deniz’<\/p>\n D\uf490 rt ‘d\u00f6rt’ d\u00fag\uf490 ‘pirin\u00e7’<\/p>\n Bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise eski t- \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc korunur :<\/p>\n Terek ‘a\u011fa\u00e7’ taw ‘da\u011f’<\/p>\n Tebre- ‘yola d\u00fc\u015fmek’ t\u00fcbe- ‘kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmak’<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Halime Kaya Çağdaş Türk Lehçeleri ve Edebiyatları Karadeniz ile Hazar Denizi arasında Doğu-Batı paralelinde uzanan ve yüksekliği orta kısımlarda 5.000 metreyi aşan sıradağlar günümüzde “KAFKASLAR” adıyla tanınmaktadır. Orta Çağ İslâm gezginlerinin seyahatnamelerinde ve çeşitli eski Türk kaynaklarında Kafkasya ya da Kafkaslar adına rastlanmaz. Kafkasya adının bir bölge olarak kullanılması 19. yüzyıl başlarına rastlar. Rus Çarı […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-edebiyat-genel-konular","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8756","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8756"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8756\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34795,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8756\/revisions\/34795"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8756"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8756"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8756"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n<\/span><\/strong>\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk Leh\u00e7eleri ve Edebiyatlar\u0131<\/span><\/p>\n\n
\nS\u0131n : An\u0131t<\/p>\n
\nT\u00fcrkler (Kumuklar, Nogaylar ve Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri)
\nRus dilleri (Ruslar ve di\u011fer halklar)<\/p>\n\n
\nKuzey Osetya \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti : <\/strong> Alanya ad\u0131n\u0131 alan cumhuriyetin y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 8 bin km\u00b2 dir. Ba\u015fkenti Uladikavkaz olan cumhuriyetin n\u00fcfusunun %48’i Oset, %39’u Rus, %13’\u00fc Kumuk, \u0130ngu\u015f ve G\u00fcrcilerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Osetlerin 1989 n\u00fcfusu 600 bin ki\u015fidir.<\/p>\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n<\/strong> Nogaylar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yo\u011fun olarak Da\u011f\u0131stan Muhtar Cumhuriyeti ile Stavrapol Kray\u0131’nda ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. 1989 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re say\u0131lar\u0131 79 bin’den fazla olan Nogaylar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerlere g\u00f6re n\u00fcfus da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n B\u00d6LGELER<\/strong><\/td>\n 1979<\/strong><\/td>\n 1989<\/strong><\/td>\n ORAN %<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Genel<\/td>\n 59.546<\/td>\n 75.564<\/td>\n 100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Rusya Federasyonu<\/td>\n 58.639<\/td>\n 73.901<\/td>\n 97.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Da\u011f\u0131stan M.C.<\/td>\n 24.977<\/td>\n 28.294<\/td>\n 37.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Stavropol Kr.<\/td>\n 22.402<\/td>\n ——–<\/td>\n 29.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkes M.Ob.<\/td>\n 11.872<\/td>\n 12.993<\/td>\n 17.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015f M.C.<\/td>\n 6.093<\/td>\n 6.884<\/td>\n 9.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Di\u011fer<\/td>\n ——-<\/td>\n 4.991<\/td>\n 6.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n(a.g.y., a.g.m. s. 310 )<\/p>\n\n
\n\u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr :<\/p>\n
\nMi\u00f1 ‘bin’ munu ‘bunu’ men ‘ben’ mamuk ‘pamuk’ mi\u015fik ‘kedi’ m\u0131y\u0131k ‘b\u0131y\u0131k’<\/p>\n