{"id":8811,"date":"2019-03-11T17:12:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-11T17:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=8811"},"modified":"2019-03-11T17:12:00","modified_gmt":"2019-03-11T17:12:00","slug":"kafkasya-dillerin-ve-etniklerin-cenneti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/kafkasya-dillerin-ve-etniklerin-cenneti\/","title":{"rendered":"KAFKASYA: D\u0130LLER\u0130N VE ETN\u0130KLER\u0130N CENNET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

N. Marmara<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kafkasya, Do\u011fu’da Hazar Denizi Bat\u0131’da Karadeniz aras\u0131nda g\u00fcneyde Araz nehri (\u0130ran ve Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131rdan) Kuzey’de \u0130dil-Don kanal\u0131na kadar uzay\u0131p giden geni\u015f araziyi i\u00e7ine almaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130ki b\u00fcy\u00fck da\u011f koluna ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r: B\u00fcy\u00fck Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131 ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131. Kafkas ad\u0131n\u0131n Grek, \u0130ran ve \u00e7e\u015fitli dillerde oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Araplar buraya \u201cQabg\u201d, \u0130rani dilliler \u201cKaf\u201d derlerdi. Benim edindi\u011fim bir bilgiye g\u00f6re Eski \u00c7in metinlerinde \u201cKafkas\u201d ad\u0131 \u201cTafkas\/Tabka\u00e7\u201dla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 verilmektedir. Eski T\u00fcrkler, \u00c7in\u2019e de Tabga\u00e7 derlerdi. Bu ad \u015fah\u0131s ismi ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdar unvan\u0131 olarak da T\u00fcrklerde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Karahanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu Tabka\u00e7\/Tabga\u00e7 ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. XI. Y\u00fczy\u0131l m\u00fcelliflerinden Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud\u2019a g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u201cTabka\u00e7\u201d \u2013 \u201ckuvvetli, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, ulu ve b\u00fcy\u00fck\u201d anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Ancak Kafkas ad\u0131 ile Tafkas\/Tabka\u00e7 ad\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ihtiya\u00e7 duymaktad\u0131r. Nitekim T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’de \u201ct-k\u201d ses de\u011fi\u015fiminin uygunlu\u011fu burada ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya de\u011ferdir.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn Kafkasya siyasi anlamda iki k\u0131sma ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r: G\u00fcney Kafkasya ve Kuzey Kafkasya. G\u00fcney Kafkasya 1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanan \u00fc\u00e7 cumhuriyeti -Azerbaycan, G\u00fcrcistan ve Ermenistan- i\u00e7ine almaktad\u0131r. Kuzey Kafkasya ise Rusya Federasyonu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kal\u0131p ba\u015fl\u0131ca olarak Da\u011f\u0131stan, \u00c7e\u00e7enistan, \u0130ngu\u015fetya, Kuzey Osetya, Adige, Kabardey-Balkar ve Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya cumhuriyetlerine ile Krasnodar ve Stavropol kraylar\u0131na ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kafkasya n\u00fcfus olarak en b\u00fcy\u00fck halk\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkler olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u015fu T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131na ayr\u0131lmaktalar: Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri, Bor\u00e7al\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri, Ah\u0131skal\u0131lar (ikisi de G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da), Nogay, Balkarlar, Kumuklar, Kara\u00e7ay, Turuhmenler, yani Stavropol T\u00fcrkmenleri.<\/p>\n

Bunlar\u0131n tamam\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bunlardan sadece Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olup, di\u011ferleri cumhuriyetler ve Okrug (b\u00f6lge) halinde merkezi Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131lar. Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k kendi ana dillerinde e\u011fitim almak, okuma-yazma ve yerel idarelerde kendi dillerini kullanma ve kendi kimlikleriyle ya\u015fama haklar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerinin %30\u2019da dahil olmak \u00fczere Kafkasya T\u00fcrklerinin tamam\u0131 \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n S\u00fcnni mezhebine mensuplar. Ama ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sonras\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin etkisiyle h\u0131zla S\u00fcnnile\u015fme gitti\u011finden bu oran daha da fazla olabilir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da Ah\u0131ska toplulu\u011fu da T\u00fcrk olup bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 1940 y\u0131l\u0131nda Stalin\u2019in emriyle \u00d6zbekistan ve Kazakistan\u2019a s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir. 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fergana\u2019da \u00d6zbeklerin sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na u\u011frayan Ah\u0131skal\u0131lar\u0131n bu tarihte b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Azerbaycan\u2019a, ana yurtlar\u0131 Meshetya\u2019ya ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrklerin Kafkasya\u2019ya yerle\u015fmesi milattan \u00f6nceki IX-VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u0130skit g\u00f6\u00e7lerine kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. Bu tarihte \u0130skit boylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer alan A\u011fa\u00e7erilerin b\u00f6lgeye geldi\u011fi, onlar\u0131 daha sonra Bunturklar, Hun ve Ogurlar\u0131n izledikleri bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kafkasya eskiden beri etnik kimlik ve dil olarak tam bir mozaik olmu\u015ftur. Arap m\u00fcellifi Mes\u2019ud\u00ee daha X. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u201cKafkasya\u2019da 72 milletin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan\u201d s\u00f6z etmektedir. Bir di\u011fer Arap co\u011frafyac\u0131s\u0131 Yakub\u00ee ise bunlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 300\u2019e kadar \u00e7\u0131kartmaktad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten de Kafkasya\u2019da \u00f6zellikle Kafkas dilli dedi\u011fimiz topluluklar aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck dilsel farkla g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bug\u00fcn Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019da birbirini anlamayan onlarca k\u00f6y birbirine s\u0131n\u0131r ya\u015famaktalar. Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131ktan dolay\u0131 b\u00f6lge uzun s\u00fcre anla\u015fma dili olarak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’yi, Rus i\u015fgalinden sonra da Rus\u00e7a’y\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Kafkasya\u2019da ya\u015fayan Kafkas dilli topluluklar co\u011frafi olarak 4 k\u0131sma ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar: G\u00fcney Kafkas, Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkas, Kuzey-Orta Kafkas ve Kuzeydo\u011fu Kafkas.<\/p>\n

I. G\u00fcney Kafkas\u2019\u0131n Kafkas Gruplar\u0131: G\u00fcrc\u00fc dilinin egemen oldu\u011fu Kartvelce (n\u00fcfusu 3.570.504) olup bunlar bug\u00fcn G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n en kalabal\u0131k kesimini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131rlar. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve T\u00fcrkle\u015fen Acarlar (1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda say\u0131lar\u0131 71.426) da bu gruba girerler. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Laz\/\u00c7an unsurlar\u0131, n\u00fcfusu 360 bini bulan Mingrel ve say\u0131lar\u0131 43 bin civar\u0131nda seyreden Svanlar da bu gruba dahiller. Zan da denilen Laz\/\u00c7an, Mingrel ve Svan dilleri tamamen ayr\u0131 diller olup G\u00fcrc\u00fcce ile akrabad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Not:<\/b> G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019de \u00e7ok say\u0131da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelime bulunmaktad\u0131r. Zira, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f G\u00fcrc\u00fc tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin iddialar\u0131na ra\u011fmen tarihleri boyunca hi\u00e7bir zaman siyasi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. XVIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck G\u00fcrc\u00fc krall\u0131klar\u0131na kadar G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da kurulan devletler k\u00f6ken itibariyle Acar, Abhaz ve T\u00fcrk K\u0131p\u00e7ak olmu\u015ftur. Hatta, K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrklerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fcler i\u00e7inde erimi\u015ftir. G\u00fcrc\u00fc dilindeki T\u00fcrk\u00e7e unsurlar\u0131n K\u0131p\u00e7aklar sayesinde olu\u015ftu\u011fu ger\u00e7ektir. Buna daha sonra Osmanl\u0131 ve Safevi d\u00f6nemindeki T\u00fcrk\u00e7e unsurlar eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Kaynak:<\/b> P. Golden, \u201cThe O\u011fuz Turkic (Ottoman-Safevid) Elements in Georgian: Backdound and Patterns\u201d, Ascher, vd.\u2019de, The Mutual Effects, 1979, s. 183-208.<\/span><\/p>\n

1747 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nadir \u015eah Af\u015far\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da Kartli, Kahetiya ve Migrelya ad\u0131yla \u00fc\u00e7 krall\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015fsa, 1781 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya ile yap\u0131lan Georgeviski Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla Rusya\u2019n\u0131n egemenli\u011fine girmi\u015flerdir. \u0130lk G\u00fcrc\u00fc milli devleti 1918-1921 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda mevcut olmu\u015ftur. O d\u00f6nemde G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 Rus Sosyal-Demokratlar\u0131n\u0131n Sa\u011f kanad\u0131 Men\u015fevikler idare etmi\u015flerdir. 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fcrcistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti, 1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise G\u00fcrcistan Cumhuriyeti olmu\u015ftur. G\u00fcrcistan bug\u00fcn Abhazya (Abaza), Osetya ve Acaristan \u00f6zer cumhuriyetlerini de i\u00e7ine alan, ama bunlarla b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlar ya\u015fayan bir konumdad\u0131r. Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en bu topluluklar 1940 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar kendi i\u00e7lerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z konumda olmu\u015f, Stalin\u2019in G\u00fcrc\u00fc olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
\nG\u00fcrcistan 1947-1954 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Sovyetlerin eliyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 toprak iddialar\u0131nda bulunmu\u015f, ba\u015fl\u0131ca olarak Ardahan ve Artvin illeri dahil T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den 20.000 km\u00b2 toprak talep etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Kaynak:<\/b> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de G\u00fcrcistan hakk\u0131nda sa\u011flam bilgiler edinmek i\u00e7in bkz. Brosset, G\u00fcrcistan Tarihi: Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan 1212 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar, T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi E. Mer\u00e7il, Ankara: T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 2002.
\nNecef E. N, Karahanl\u0131lar, \u0130stanbul 2005, s. 128.
\nKa\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud, Divan-i L\u00fcgat-it-T\u00fcrk, Kilisli ne\u015fri, \u0130stanbul 1915, c. I, s. 378.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle de Azerbaycan\u2019da faaliyet g\u00f6steren cemaat okullar\u0131 ve e\u011fitmenleri sayesinde Azerbaycan\u2019da \u015eiilik S\u00fcnnilik kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00d6te yandan yap\u0131 itibariyle Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri \u0130ran\u2019daki Fars rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fundan \u0130ranl\u0131 \u015eii imamlar\u0131n faaliyetlerine pek ilgi g\u00f6stermemektedirler. Ama S\u00fcnni mezhepte son on y\u0131lda Vahabilik y\u00fcz\u00fcnden baz\u0131 sorunlar ya\u015famaktad\u0131r<\/p>\n

2000 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re, Azerbaycan\u2019da 30 bin Vahabi vard\u0131. Vahabilik Da\u011f\u0131stan ve \u00f6zellikle de \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019da etkili konumdad\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N. Marmara Kafkasya, Doğu’da Hazar Denizi Batı’da Karadeniz arasında güneyde Araz nehri (İran ve Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti arasındaki sınırdan) Kuzey’de İdil-Don kanalına kadar uzayıp giden geniş araziyi içine almaktadır. İki büyük dağ koluna ayrılmaktadır: Büyük Kafkas Dağları ve Küçük Kafkas Dağları. Kafkas adının Grek, İran ve çeşitli dillerde olduğu söylenmektedir. Araplar buraya “Qabg”, İrani dilliler “Kaf” […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8811","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-edebiyat-genel-konular","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8811","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8811"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8811\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8813,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8811\/revisions\/8813"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8811"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8811"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8811"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}