{"id":8967,"date":"2019-03-11T21:30:33","date_gmt":"2019-03-11T21:30:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=8967"},"modified":"2019-03-11T21:30:33","modified_gmt":"2019-03-11T21:30:33","slug":"wubihcanin-yasam-oykusu-bir-dilin-kayitlarda-yasamasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wubihcanin-yasam-oykusu-bir-dilin-kayitlarda-yasamasi\/","title":{"rendered":"WUBIHCA’NIN YA\u015eAM \u00d6YK\u00dcS\u00dc – Bir Dilin Kay\u0131tlarda Ya\u015famas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Prof. Dr. Sumru \u00d6zsoy
\n<\/span> <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Kafkas Dernekleri Federasyonu, 1 Temmuz 2006 Ankara \u201cYok olma tehlikesi alt\u0131ndaki diller ve Adige-Abhaz dillerinin konumu\u201d konulu Konferans Metinleri<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

S\u00f6zlerime 27 Ekim 1992’de Cumhuriyet Gazetesi’nde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olan bir yaz\u0131mdan al\u0131nt\u0131 yaparak devam etmek istiyorum. Bu yaz\u0131ma \u015f\u00f6yle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m:<\/p>\n

“8 Ekim 1992 saat 07.35’te bir dil \u00f6ld\u00fc. 8 Ekim 1992 saat 07.35’te Tevfik Esen\u00e7 son nefesini verdi ve bu son nefesle birlikte d\u00fcnya y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bir dil sonsuza dek silindi. <\/span><\/p>\n

Bundan sonra Wub\u0131h dili ancak Tevfik Bey’le \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan birka\u00e7 dilbilimcinin doldurmu\u015f oldu\u011fu kasetlerde, yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu yaz\u0131 ve kitaplarda ve onu dinlemi\u015f olan ki\u015filerin belleklerinde ya\u015fayacak.
\nWub\u0131h neden kayboldu? Bir dil neden ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirir? Bu sorunun nedenlerinden bir k\u0131sm\u0131 tarihsel, sosyal ve siyasal niteliktedir. Ancak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e k\u00f6kenli olmayan bir\u00e7ok dilin konu\u015fulmas\u0131n\u0131n, bu dillerde yay\u0131nlar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n serbest oldu\u011fu \u00fclkemizde Wub\u0131h’\u0131n yok olmas\u0131na sosyal ve politik gibi dil d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etkenlerin neden oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek olanaks\u0131z ve yersizdir. 1860’larda Kafkasya’n\u0131n Rus \u00e7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmesinden sonra, en yak\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclke olan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan ve sultan\u0131n izni ile Anadolu’ya ve o zaman t\u00fcm\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde olan Orta Do\u011fu’nun \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerine yerle\u015fmelerine izin verilen Kafkas toplumlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n \u00f6zel bir konumlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Say\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok az olan Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc Kafkasya’dan ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdi. B\u00f6ylece Kafkasya’da Wub\u0131h dilini konu\u015fan hi\u00e7bir toplum\/ki\u015fi kalmam\u0131\u015f, Wub\u0131h dili Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve sonra T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan ve say\u0131lar\u0131 zaten \u00e7ok az olan bir toplumun ileti\u015fim arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan bir dil olma \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip olmu\u015ftu.”<\/p>\n

Ben bu konu\u015fmamda Kafkas dillerinin ve \u00f6zellikle Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle dilbilimciler taraf\u0131ndan ‘ke\u015ffedilmesi’ \u00fczerinde durmak istiyorum. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 art\u0131k d\u00fcnya y\u00fcz\u00fcnde konu\u015fulmayan diller aras\u0131na girmi\u015f olan Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n betimlenmesini dilbilim alan\u0131na kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca ses kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda olsa da bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ya\u015fayamaya devam etmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Peki, Wub\u0131hlar kimlerdi? Kafkas toplumlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki konumlar\u0131 neydi? Dillerinin bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnya y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yok olmu\u015f diller aras\u0131na girmesine yol a\u00e7an nedenler neydi? Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 durdurulamaz ya da geri \u00e7evrilemez miydi? Bu ve benzeri sorular\u0131n cevab\u0131n\u0131 verebilmek i\u00e7in sorulara bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan yakla\u015fmak gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

I. Kafkas dilleri ve Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n dil \u00f6zellikleri
\n<\/b>
\nSoruyu cevaplayabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nce Kafkas dilleri ve bunlar aras\u0131nda da Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n dil \u00f6zelliklerine bir g\u00f6z atmak gerekmektedir. Kafkas dil ailesi nedir? Kafkas dil ailesi denilen diller toplulu\u011fu, Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesinde konu\u015fulan dillerden olu\u015fan bir dil ailesidir. Prof. Catford’\u0131n 1977’de yay\u0131mlanan ‘Mountain of Tongues: The Languages of the Caucasus’ adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, bu dil toplulu\u011funa ait 37 dil oldu\u011funu belirtilmektedir. Prof. Catford, bu dillerin Kafkasya y\u00f6resinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 4000 y\u0131ld\u0131r konu\u015fulmakta oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir. Kafkas dil ailesine ait 37 dilden bir\u00e7o\u011fu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde art\u0131k Kafkasya d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sergiledikleri dil \u00f6zelliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Kafkas dil ailesi 3 alt gruba ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r:
\n– Do\u011fu Kafkas dilleri
\n– G\u00fcney Kafkas dilleri
\n– Kuzey-bat\u0131 Kafkas dilleri<\/p>\n

Bu alt gruplar\u0131 olu\u015fturan dillere bir g\u00f6z atacak olursak, bunlar\u0131 olu\u015fturan baz\u0131 dilleri \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz:<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu Kafkas dilleri:<\/b> \u00c7e\u00e7en, Avar, \u0130ngu\u015f, Batsby, Andi
\nG\u00fcney Kafkas dilleri ya da Kartvel dilleri: <\/b>G\u00fcrc\u00fcce, Svan ve de Lazca’n\u0131n da bir leh\u00e7esini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Zan dili
\nKuzey-bat\u0131 Kafkas dilleri:<\/b> Abhaz-Abaza, Kabardey, Adige ve Wub\u0131h<\/p>\n

Dil \u00f6zellikleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Kafkas dil ailesinin baz\u0131 ortak y\u00f6nleri k\u0131saca \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetleyebiliriz:<\/p>\n

1) Ses yap\u0131s\u0131:<\/b> Kafkas dilleri, gerek \u00fcnl\u00fc ve \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin say\u0131s\u0131 gerek bu iki ses birimi grubunda bulunan seslerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n birbirlerine oran\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyada konu\u015fulan di\u011fer dillere g\u00f6re b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6stermektedir. Kafkas dilleri aras\u0131nda da Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n bu bak\u0131mdan \u00f6zel bir yeri vard\u0131r. Wub\u0131hca 80 \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc ve yaln\u0131zca 2 \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc ile ses yap\u0131s\u0131 olarak \u00e7ok girift bir yap\u0131 sergiler. Wub\u0131hca, son zamanlarda Kongo’da konu\u015fulan bir dilin bulunmas\u0131na kadar, en fazla sesbirim say\u0131s\u0131 olan dil olarak biliniyordu.<\/p>\n

2) S\u00f6zc\u00fck yap\u0131s\u0131: <\/b>Kafkas dilleri, s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin sonuna eklenen \u00e7ok say\u0131da son-ekleri ve ba\u015f\u0131na eklenen \u00f6n-ekleri ile bi\u00e7imbirimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7ok zengin olan bir dil ailesidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Wub\u0131hca\u2019da \u00f6zne, nesne ve dolayl\u0131 t\u00fcmle\u00e7ler \u00f6nek olarak eylemlerin ba\u015f\u0131na eklenmekte, zaman ve olumsuzluk gibi ekler ise sonek olarak eylemin sonuna eklenmektedir.<\/p>\n

3) S\u00f6zdizimsel yap\u0131: <\/b>T\u00fcmce i\u00e7inde s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin dizimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Kafkas dilleri eylem-son denilen bir dizime sahiptir, eylem t\u00fcmcenin en sonunda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, t\u00fcmce i\u00e7indeki adlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde bulunan durum ekleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e gibi bir dilden farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellik g\u00f6sterir. Wub\u0131hca\u2019da ge\u00e7i\u015fsiz eylemlerin \u00f6zneleri ile ge\u00e7i\u015fli eylemlerin nesneleri ayn\u0131 durum ekini al\u0131rken, ge\u00e7i\u015fli eylemlerin \u00f6zneleri ba\u015fka bir ek almaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e gibi dillerde ise, ge\u00e7i\u015fli ve ge\u00e7i\u015fsiz eylemlerin \u00f6zneleri ayn\u0131 eki al\u0131rken, ge\u00e7i\u015fli eylemlerin nesneleri ayr\u0131 bir ek almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

II. Bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Kafkasya, Kafkas Toplumlar\u0131 ve Wub\u0131hca
\n<\/b>
\nBilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Kafkaslar ve Kafkas dilleriyle tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 asl\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a ge\u00e7tir. Wub\u0131hlara bat\u0131 tarih kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda ilk olarak 19.yy’\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Kafkas g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin Rus kuvvetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 koyu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 18.y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015famakta olan topluluklar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca Amasyal\u0131 Strabon (\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc M\u00d6 58) ve Prokopius gibi Yunan tarih\u00e7i ve co\u011frafya bilginlerinin eserlerinden haberdard\u0131. B\u00f6lge ve burada ya\u015fayan halk hakk\u0131nda ba\u015fka temel kaynak olabilecek Arap \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a ge\u00e7 bir tarihte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bunlar halen daha kapsaml\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde incelenmeyi beklemektedir.<\/p>\n

Bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n bir toplum \u00fczerinde bilimsel nitelikli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrken, o topluma de\u011fi\u015fik a\u00e7\u0131lardan yakla\u015fmalar\u0131 bilimin do\u011fas\u0131nda olan bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. \u0130ncelenecek toplumun sosyolojik, tarihsel, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, ekonomik y\u00f6nleri mercek alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131p, o toplumun ilgili alanlarda di\u011fer toplumlarla ortak y\u00f6nleri saptan\u0131r ya da o toplumlardan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktalar\u0131n niteli\u011fi belirlenme\u011fe \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Wub\u0131hlar \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ise bu genel e\u011filime kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan bir nitelik sergilemektedir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Wub\u0131hlar \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f en eski \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir oran\u0131n\u0131n Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n dil \u00f6zellikleri \u00fczerine odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Bunun nedeni toplum yap\u0131s\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olsun, tarihsel boyutuyla ilgili olsun, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131lardan olsun, Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n Kafkas dillerini konu\u015fan di\u011fer toplumlara benzer \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmas\u0131nda, onlardan ayr\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 noktan\u0131n dil olmas\u0131nda aranmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\nWub\u0131hlar ve Wub\u0131hca hakk\u0131nda bilinenler, temelde kendilerini Kafkas \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na adam\u0131\u015f bir dizi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndan, incelemelerinden ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla, Wub\u0131h dilinin \u00f6zellikleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lma\u011fa ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, dilin yap\u0131s\u0131 betimlenmi\u015f ve s\u00f6zc\u00fck da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 da olsa kaydedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

3.1. \u0130lk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/p>\n

<\/b>Kafkasya hakk\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda II. Katerina d\u00f6neminde ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n Rusya’n\u0131n g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesini incelemek ve Kafkas toplumlar\u0131 ve dilleri \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmak \u00fczere g\u00f6revlendirilmesi ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesi hakk\u0131nda ilk ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler, bu d\u00f6nemde Rus Bilimler Akademisi \u00fcyesi olarak Kuzey Kafkasya ve G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131 gezmekle g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015f olan Balt\u0131k Almanlar\u0131ndan Johann Anton G\u00fcldenstadt’\u0131n (1745-1781) bu gezi s\u0131ras\u0131nda tutmu\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00fcnl\u00fck ve ke\u015fif gezisi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan elde edilmektedir. G\u00fcldenstadt’\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kendisi de Rus Bilim Akademisi \u00fcyesi olan Peter Simon Pallas (1741-1811) taraf\u0131ndan, G\u00fcldenstadt’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nPont-Euxin”) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak Norve\u00e7li Kafkasolog Hans Vogt’un da belirtti\u011fi gibi, Potocki bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n etnik k\u00f6kenlerinin, bir Iran k\u00f6kenli g\u00f6\u00e7er grubuna uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bundan sonra Kafkaslar ve \u00f6zellikle \u00c7erkesler hakk\u0131nda geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bilgiye Kafkasya’da \u00c7erkesler aras\u0131nda 3 y\u0131l ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan \u0130ngiliz as\u0131ll\u0131 J.S. Bell’in 1840’da yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olan “1837, 1838 ve 1839’da \u00c7erkesler \u00dclkesinde \u0130kametin G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc” ya da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye \u00e7evrildi\u011fi bi\u00e7imde “\u00c7erkesya’dan Sava\u015f Mektuplar\u0131” adl\u0131 eserinde eri\u015filmektedir. Bell’in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Kafkasya’n\u0131n Rus idaresine girmeden \u00f6nceki d\u00f6neminde \u00c7erkeslerin toplumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve ya\u015famlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7ermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu kitap y\u00f6rede konu\u015fulan dillerden \u00f6rnekler vermesi ve Bell taraf\u0131ndan Abaza dili olarak nitelendirilen bir dilden de 40 s\u00f6zc\u00fckl\u00fck bir liste sunuyor olmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Sonradan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen dil \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda, Bell’in Abaza olarak nitelendirdi\u011fi s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin asl\u0131nda Wub\u0131hca oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bell’in bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6zc\u00fck da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk Frans\u0131zca-\u00c7erkesce s\u00f6zl\u00fck 19.yy’\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Frans\u0131z k\u00f6kenli Rus Lullie taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 1846’da yay\u0131mlayan Lullie, s\u00f6zl\u00fckte Wub\u0131hlardan ve Wub\u0131hca\u2019dan da s\u00f6z ederken dilin yaln\u0131zca 1-2 k\u00f6yde konu\u015fuldu\u011funa, toplumdaki bir \u00e7ok kesimin art\u0131k yaln\u0131zca \u00c7erkesce konu\u015ftu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015f ve dilin \u00f6lmek \u00fczere oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. O tarihteki Wub\u0131hca konu\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir bilgi veriyor olmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kafkasya’n\u0131n Rus idaresi alt\u0131na girdi\u011fi 1840 ve 50’lere kadar, Wub\u0131hlar hakk\u0131nda bu birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k bilgilerden ba\u015fka daha geni\u015f bilgi elde edilememektedir. Dilin sistemli bir bi\u00e7imde incelenmesinin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi tarihsel toplumsal ve politik de\u011fi\u015fim olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu tarihlerde Kafkasya’ya giren Rus ordusunda Kafkasya’ya ve Kafkas halk\u0131na ilgi duyan Pjotr Alexandrovich Uslar (1816-1875) ad\u0131nda bir subay bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

3.2. 1860’lar ve sonras\u0131
\n<\/b>
\nRus ordusunun b\u00f6lgeye girmesinden k\u0131sa bir m\u00fcddet sonra Uslar ordudan ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 1875’teki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son 25 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 Kafkasya’da ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Kafkas toplumlar\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131ma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Uslar, b\u00f6lgenin etnografyas\u0131 ve konu\u015fulan dilleri hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da eserler vermi\u015ftir. Uslar, Wub\u0131hca ve Wub\u0131hlar hakk\u0131nda bilgi elde edebilmek i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve toplam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bilgiyi 1861’de Abhaz Dilbilgisi adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitap ancak Uslar’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra 1887’de yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buradan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla, kendisi Wub\u0131hca bilen birisini bulmakta epeyce zorlanm\u0131\u015f ve sonunda bir \u00c7erke\u015f ailenin yan\u0131ndayken, yine tamam\u0131yla rastlant\u0131lara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, ailenin Berzeg boyundan bir Wub\u0131h oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan 14 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki ye\u011feni ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7ocukla bir haftal\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonucunda Uslar, Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131, ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131 betimleyen 25 sayfal\u0131k ilk dilbilgisi kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazar ve 60-s\u00f6zc\u00fckl\u00fck bir liste haz\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Uslar 1868’de yay\u0131nlanan bir gazete makalesinde Kafkasya’da art\u0131k bir tek Wub\u0131h bile kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. 1861’deki olaylar Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n b\u00f6lgeden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na ve \u00c7erkesler, \u00c7e\u00e7enler ve Lezgiler’le birlikte toplam 300,000’i bulan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerine neden olmu\u015ftur. Burada Wub\u0131hlar ve Wub\u0131hca i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan nokta, g\u00f6\u00e7 eden di\u011fer Kafkas toplumlar\u0131ndan baz\u0131 ailelerin Kafkasya’da kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n hepsinin b\u00f6lgeden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve Kafkasya’da hi\u00e7 bir Wub\u0131h’\u0131n kalmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durum, Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 o tarihten itibaren ba\u015fka bir dil ailesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019nin konu\u015fuldu\u011fu ortamda s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu tarihsel geli\u015fmeler sonucunda, Wub\u0131hlar \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar zaman\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu topraklar\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine kaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1891’de Danimarkal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Aage Meyer Benedictsen (1866-1927) K\u0131rkp\u0131nar k\u00f6y\u00fcnde 3 hafta ge\u00e7irmi\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 kaydetmi\u015ftir. Benedictsen bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 zaman\u0131n Kuzeydo\u011fu Kafkas dilleri uzman\u0131 olarak bilinen ve Kafkasya E\u011fitim M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc’nde g\u00f6revli olan Lopatinsky’e yollar. Vogt’a g\u00f6re, L. Lopatinsky de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla Benedictsen’in defterlerini 1913’te Petersburg’daki Rus Bilimler Akademisi taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nda ya\u015famakta olan Kafkaslar\u0131n dillerini ve Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n hala ya\u015fay\u0131p ya\u015famad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmakla g\u00f6revlendirilen Alman Kafkasolog Adolf Dirr’e (1867-1930) vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu defterlerden edindi\u011fi bilgi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u0130zmit’in K\u0131rk P\u0131nar k\u00f6y\u00fcne giden Dirr burada kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n 40-sayfal\u0131k dilbilgisi kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazar, 6 sayfal\u0131k metin derler ve 800-s\u00f6zc\u00fckl\u00fck bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck listesi haz\u0131rlar. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n Dili ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131 1914’\u00fcn ba\u015flar\u0131nda bitiren Dirr, kitab\u0131 yay\u0131mlanmak \u00fczere Benedictsen’in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla beraber, arkada\u015f\u0131 Lopatinsky’e yollar. Ancak I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 sonucu metinler hi\u00e7 bir zaman yerine varmaz. Kaybolan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 tekrar kaleme almak zorunda kalan Dirr, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ancak 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yani ilk yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan 13 y\u0131l sonra, kendi \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Caucasica ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 dergide yay\u0131mlama f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

3.3. 1930’lar ve sonras\u0131
\n<\/b>
\nWub\u0131hca \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, bu tarihten itibaren iki ayr\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n birbirlerinden habersiz e\u015fzamanl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile s\u00fcrer. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lardan biri Dirr’in kitab\u0131n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mesiyle Kafkas k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne duydu\u011fu ilgisi artan, o zamanlar \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi’nde dinler tarihi \u00f6\u011fretmekte olan Georges Dumezil’dir (1898-1986). Di\u011feri ise Macar asilzadelerinden Julius von Meszaros’tur.<\/p>\n

Julius von Meszaros 1930 ve 1931 yazlar\u0131n\u0131 Manyas G\u00f6l\u00fc’n\u00fcn g\u00fcneyindeki Hac\u0131 Osman ve Hac\u0131 Yakup k\u00f6ylerinde ge\u00e7irir ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n sonucunu 1936’da Chicago \u00dcniversitesi yay\u0131mlanan ‘Paky-Dili’ adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda toplar. Meszaros bu kitab\u0131nda Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n seslerini olduk\u00e7a do\u011fru bir bi\u00e7imde kaydetmi\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ses sembolleri Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm seslerini yans\u0131tmak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yetersiz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer taraftan, Dirr’in kitab\u0131n\u0131 eline ge\u00e7iren Dumezil, \u0130zmit’in K\u0131rkp\u0131nar beldesine gider ve burada veri toplama\u011fa ba\u015flar. Ancak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015filerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun ya\u015flar\u0131 ileridir ve bundan dolay\u0131 Dumezil konu\u015furken \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 sesleri anlamakta b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluk \u00e7eker. \u0130stanbul Su \u0130\u015fleri’nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir ki\u015fi ile tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bu soruna bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirir. Dumezil 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda 110 sayfal\u0131k dilbilgisi incelemesi ve 40 sayfal\u0131k metin derlemesi i\u00e7eren Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n Dili (La Langue des Oubykh) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131 tamamlar ve yay\u0131mlar.<\/p>\n

Dumezil, Meszaros’un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra bu kitab\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irir ve daha \u00f6nceden varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan haberdar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni bir Wub\u0131h yerle\u015fim merkezini \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f olur. Ancak bu arada 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bundan dolay\u0131 Hac\u0131 Osman ve Hac\u0131 Yakup k\u00f6ylerine o tarihte gidemez. Ancak 20 y\u0131l sonra 1954’te Meszaros’un ziyaret etti\u011fi iki k\u00f6y\u00fc ziyaret etme f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulan Dumezil, burada Tevfik Esen\u00e7’le de tan\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu tan\u0131\u015fma, Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan tutarl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde incelenebilmesini sa\u011flayacak bir geli\u015fme olacakt\u0131r. Bu tan\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k, takip eden y\u0131llarda dilbilime b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bir rastlant\u0131 olarak nitelendirilebilir. Uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcrecek olan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucunda, Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n sesbilgisi en ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde betimlenebilmi\u015f, yap\u0131sal \u00f6zellikleri ise b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde incelenebilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Hac\u0131 Osman ve Hac\u0131 Yakup k\u00f6ylerine gittikten sonra, Dumezil’in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan biri kendisinin 1931’de yay\u0131mlanan Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n Dili adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve A. Dirr’in 1927’de Caucasica dergisinde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olan d\u00f6rt metni d\u00fczeltmekti. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardaki ses ve yap\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczeltilmesi onlar\u0131 bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ara\u015ft\u0131rma amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131. Dumezil yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardaki yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131 d\u00fczeltme s\u00fcrecini Wub\u0131hca\u2019da Eylem (Le Verb Oubykh) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u015f\u00f6yle anlatmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

“(Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar) dilbilimciler i\u00e7in hemen hemen hi\u00e7 kullan\u0131lamaz bi\u00e7imdeydi; dilin sesbilgisel yap\u0131s\u0131 hen\u00fcz tamam\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmemi\u015f, kullan\u0131lan semboller dakik de\u011fil, tutars\u0131z ve \u00e7eli\u015fkiliydi. Gerekli d\u00fczeltmeler bir kere yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, onlar dil i\u00e7in iyi bir kaynak olu\u015fturacakt\u0131. Hac\u0131 Osman K\u00f6y\u00fc ve Hac\u0131 Yakup K\u00f6y\u00fc’ne gitti\u011fimde, onlardan benim 1913 ve 1930da Adapazar\u0131 ilinde kay\u0131t etmi\u015f oldu\u011fum notlardan birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 okumalar\u0131n\u0131 rica ettim<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, \u00f6nce metinlerim ve Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n Dili kitab\u0131mdaki notlar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131labilir k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in Tevfik Esen\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul’da 1955 ve 1958’de yap\u0131lan d\u00fczeltmeleri (temizlemeleri) yay\u0131mlad\u0131m. Ses d\u00fczeltmeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Tevfik metinlerde bir tak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fiklikler de yapt\u0131- bunlar kendisinin titizli\u011finden dolay\u0131 dilbilgisi hatas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019den al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zc\u00fck ve deyimler ve o g\u00fcn\u00fcn Wub\u0131hca\u2019s\u0131nda bulunan \u00c7erkesce’den ge\u00e7mi\u015f olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131da s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerdi.”<\/p>\n

Dumezil’in 1957’den sonraki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, metin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yeterli malzeme elde etti\u011fine karar vermi\u015f oldu\u011fundan, Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n dilbilgisel betimlemesi \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bunun sonucu olarak da Wub\u0131hca \u00fczerine \u00e7ok say\u0131da inceleme yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n en kapsaml\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Profes\u00f6r Dumezil’in daveti \u00fczerine 1958’de 5 hafta i\u00e7in Tevfik Esen\u00e7 Bey’le \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ve Hac\u0131 Osman K\u00f6y\u00fc ile Hac\u0131 Yakup K\u00f6y\u00fc’n\u00fc ziyaret etmek i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye’ye gelen Norve\u00e7li dilbilimci Hans Vogt taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hans Vogt 1959’da Tevfik Esen\u00e7’i beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere Norve\u00e7’e davet etmi\u015f ve onu rahats\u0131z edilmeden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmeleri i\u00e7in \u015fehirden uzak bir da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek 6 hafta gibi k\u0131sa bir zamanda halen elimizde bulunan en kapsaml\u0131 Wub\u0131hca-Frans\u0131zca s\u00f6zl\u00fck olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda Prof. lan Catford’la Hac\u0131 Osman Bey’i ziyaret edip Tevfik Esen\u00e7 Bey’le tan\u0131\u015fmak f\u0131rsat\u0131 buldum. Bundan sonraki 6 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde Tevfik Bey’le Wub\u0131hcan\u0131n gerek t\u00fcmce yap\u0131s\u0131 gerek metin derlemesi alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olana\u011f\u0131 bulmu\u015f olmaktan gurur duymaktay\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Tarihsel bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00f6zetlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucu olarak, bug\u00fcn elimizde Wub\u0131hca ile ilgili olarak yukar\u0131da ad\u0131 verilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, s\u00f6zc\u00fck listeleri ve metin derlemeleri kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Dumezil’in ve benim yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fumuz ses kay\u0131tlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

IV. Sonu\u00e7
\n<\/b>
\nBilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Wub\u0131hlar ve Wub\u0131h dili pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015fmesinin tarih\u00e7esine b\u00f6yle k\u0131saca bir g\u00f6z att\u0131ktan sonra, s\u00f6zlerimi yine 27 Ekim 1992 tarihli yaz\u0131mdan bir al\u0131nt\u0131 ile bitirmek isterim:<\/p>\n

“\u00dcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z dilbilimci Georges Dumezil’in incelemelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, Wub\u0131h dili gerek ses yap\u0131s\u0131 gerek bi\u00e7imbirimsel \u00f6zellikleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok girift bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir. 80 \u00fcns\u00fcz ve 2 \u00fcnl\u00fc ile s\u00f6zc\u00fck yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sesbilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7ok zorla\u015ft\u0131ran Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda gerek bi\u00e7imbilimi gerek s\u00f6zdizimi \u00f6zellikleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00fcnya dileri aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir yeri vard\u0131r.”<\/p>\n

Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n gizemi dilbilimcileri 150 y\u0131la yak\u0131n bir zaman pe\u015finden ko\u015ftur-mu\u015ftur. \u015eu anda bu gizem art\u0131k ses kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda donup kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nBurada Wub\u0131hca’y\u0131 bilim d\u00fcnyaya veren Tevfik Esen\u00e7’i, Orhan Alpaslan’\u0131, H\u00fcseyin Ko\u015fan’\u0131, S\u00fcreyya Yarasa’y\u0131, G\u00f6\u011fen ailesini, Aktamur ailesini, \u00d6zaltun ailesini ve adlar\u0131n\u0131 burada s\u0131ralamak imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olan nice Wub\u0131hca konu\u015furunu sayg\u0131yla anmak isterim.<\/p>\n

<\/span>KAYNAK\u00c7A:
\nCatford, I.<\/b> 1977. Mountain of Tongues: The Languages of the Caucasus. Annual \u2022 Review of Antt\u0131ropology. 6:282-314.
\nDumezil, G.<\/b> 1931. La Langue des Oubykh. Paris: Honore Champion.
\n.1959. Etudes Oubykh. Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve.
\n.1960. Documents anatoliens sur les langues et les traditions du Caucase, I. Paris: Adrien
\nMaisonneuve.
\n.1962. Documents anatoliens sur les langues et les traditions du Caucase, II. <\/b>Paris: Institut d’ethnologie.
\n.1965. Documents anatoliens sur les langues et les traditions du Caucase, III. Paris: Institut d’ethnologie.
\n.1975. Le verb Oubykh. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale\/Ubrairie Klincksieck.
\n\u00d6zsoy, A. S. <\/b>1997. Proceedings of the Conference on Northvvest Caucasian Languages. Oslo: Novus Vorlag.
\nVogt, H. <\/b>1963. Dictionnaire de la langue oubykh. Oslo: Universitetzfortaget.
\n1988. “\u0130n Search of an Unknown Language,” Linguistique caucasienne et armenienne.
\nNorvvegian University Press. <\/b>Oslo: 449-457.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prof. Dr. Sumru Özsoy Kafkas Dernekleri Federasyonu, 1 Temmuz 2006 Ankara “Yok olma tehlikesi altındaki diller ve Adige-Abhaz dillerinin konumu” konulu Konferans Metinleri Sözlerime 27 Ekim 1992’de Cumhuriyet Gazetesi’nde yayımlanmış olan bir yazımdan alıntı yaparak devam etmek istiyorum. Bu yazıma şöyle başlamıştım: “8 Ekim 1992 saat 07.35’te bir dil öldü. 8 Ekim 1992 saat 07.35’te 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