{"id":9072,"date":"2019-03-11T23:01:29","date_gmt":"2019-03-11T23:01:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=9072"},"modified":"2019-03-11T23:01:29","modified_gmt":"2019-03-11T23:01:29","slug":"adige-dili-ve-edebiyati","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/adige-dili-ve-edebiyati\/","title":{"rendered":"AD\u0130GE D\u0130L\u0130 VE EDEB\u0130YATI"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

HAP\u0130 Cevdet Y\u0131ld\u0131z<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Adige Dili Ve Eski Adigeler<\/p>\n

<\/strong> Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131ndan biri olan Adigelerin konu\u015ftu\u011fu dile Adigece <\/strong>ya da Adige dili <\/strong>(\u0410\u0434\u044b\u0433\u0430\u0431\u0437\u044d) denir. Adigece\u2019nin vatan\u0131 (do\u011fdu\u011fu yer) Kafkasya<\/strong> ya da \u00c7erkesya<\/strong>‘d\u0131r. Adigece bilinen en eski zamanlardan beri Kafkasya’da konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn Adigece Kafkasya d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir g\u00f6\u00e7men dil<\/strong> olarak T\u00fcrkiye, Suriye, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, \u0130srail, Bulgaristan ve buralardan gitmi\u015f olan insan gruplar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131rk kadar \u00fclkede konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Adige, Wub\u0131h<\/strong> (\u0423\u0431\u044b\u0445) ve Abhaz dilleri<\/strong> ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten gelen diller olarak Kafkas dillerinin bat\u0131 kolundan say\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar. Kafkas dillerinin bat\u0131 grubu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00c7e\u00e7en<\/strong> ve Da\u011f\u0131stan dilleri<\/strong> do\u011fu, G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Svan<\/strong> ve San<\/strong> (Mingrel ve Laz) dilleri<\/strong> de g\u00fcney grubunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131rlar. Bundan ba\u015fka, Kafkas dillerinin eskiden \u00d6nasya <\/strong>ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’da<\/strong> (Anadolu) konu\u015fulmu\u015f olan baz\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fc dilleri<\/strong> kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler de vard\u0131r. (bkz. \u00d6l\u00fc dil, internet)<\/p>\n

Adigece\u2019nin yay\u0131lma alan\u0131 Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkasya<\/strong> ya da tarihsel \u00c7erkesya<\/strong>‘d\u0131r. Bu co\u011frafyada Adige dili d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Wub\u0131h ve Abhaz dilleri de konu\u015fulurdu. Ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten geldi\u011fi kabul edilen bu \u00fc\u00e7 dile, bir ortak ad olarak Bat\u0131 Kafkas\u00e7a<\/strong> ya da Nart\u00e7a <\/strong>gibi adlar da verilmek istenmektedir (bkz. Yam\u00e7\u0131 dergisi, say\u0131 6). Bu \u00fc\u00e7 Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkas dil grubuna Abhaz-Adige (\u00c7erkes) dilleri<\/strong> de denmektedir. (\u0425\u044c. \u0428. \u0423\u0440\u044b\u0441, \u0410\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044d \u0442\u0445\u044b\u0431\u0437\u044d\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0445\u044b\u0434\u044d, Nal\u00e7ik, 1968, s. 5)<\/p>\n

Arkeolojik ve tarihsel belgelere g\u00f6re, Adigelerin atalar\u0131na Meot (\u041c\u044b\u0443\u04421)<\/strong> deniyordu. En son bilgilere g\u00f6re Adigey\u2019de 4. 500, dahas\u0131 5. 500 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine ve Meotlara ait de\u011fi\u015fik arkeolojik buluntulara rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (bkz. Aslangua\u015f \u015e’avko, Maykop\/M\u0131yequape Ad\u0131n\u0131n K\u00f6keni, Jineps gazetesi, Haziran 2007; ayr\u0131ca Adigey Cumhuriyeti, internet) Grek belgelerine g\u00f6re de, M\u00d6 VI-V. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Meotlar Kafkasya’n\u0131n Azak Denizi, Taman Yar\u0131madas\u0131 ve Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00a0(\u0425\u044c. \u0428. \u0423\u0440\u044b\u0441, age, s. 6) Meotlar ve onlarla birlikte ya\u015fayan insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131calar, Grek belgelerine g\u00f6re Meot, Sind, Kerket, Toret, \u00a0Pses, Dane, Haniyoh, Zih, Abasg, vb idiler. \u00c7erkes ad\u0131n\u0131n bu topluluklardan biri olan Kerketlerin ad\u0131ndan geldi\u011fi yorumlar\u0131 da vard\u0131r, ancak Yunanistan’\u0131n Sisam adas\u0131nda “Kerketos” bi\u00e7iminde bir da\u011f ad\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan iddialar\u0131 ihtiyatla kar\u015f\u0131lamak gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Adige dilbilimcisi Prof. Asker Hade\u011fal’<\/strong>a (\u0425\u044c\u0430\u0434\u044d\u0433\u044a\u0430\u043b1\u044d \u0410\u0441\u043a\u044d\u0440) g\u00f6re, Azak Denizi (\u0425\u044b \u041c\u044b\u0443\u04421\u044d) k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Meotlar <\/strong> (Adigeler) Karadeniz (\u0425\u044b \u04281\u0443\u04461\u044d)\u00a0 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Adigelere Deh<\/strong>ler (\u0414\u044d\u0445\u0445\u044d\u0440) diyorlard\u0131. Bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck Adeh’\u0131<\/strong>lar (\u0410\u0434\u044d\u0445\u044b\u0445\u044d\u0440;\u00d6b\u00fcr Denizliler, yani Karadenizliler)\u00a0 anlam\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir (bkz. A. M. Gadagatl’, Geroi\u00e7eski NARTI i ego genezis, Krasnodar, 196, s. 89-91). Adige ad\u0131n\u0131n Adiye<\/strong> (\u0410-\u0434\u0438\u0435= Bizim \u00fclkemiz, bizim \u00fclkelimiz) ad\u0131ndan geldi\u011fi yorumlar\u0131 da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tarih boyunca Adigelere Sind, Meot ve Kerket gibi adlar verilmi\u015ftir. Bu arada Kerket<\/strong> s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde gelme oldu\u011fu san\u0131s\u0131yla Adigelere \u00c7erkes<\/strong> ve Sirkasyen <\/strong>(Circassien; Circassian) de dendi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Adigeler i\u00e7in en yayg\u0131n olarak Adige ve \u00c7erkes<\/strong> adlar\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Adigelerin kom\u015fular\u0131ndan olan Svanlar, <\/strong>\u00a0Adigelere Ka\u015fag<\/strong> ya da Ka\u015fgar <\/strong>demektedirler.<\/p>\n

Adigeler birbirlerini kendilerini aralar\u0131nda Adige<\/strong>, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcmleriyle de Adiye <\/strong>olarak \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmaktad\u0131rlar (Baz\u0131 Kabardey ve Besleneyler).<\/p>\n

Bilimsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere, \u00f6rne\u011fin Adige dilbilimcisi Prof. Zeko\u011f’<\/strong>a g\u00f6re, \u00fc\u00e7 ana leh\u00e7esi olan eski bir dilden ilkin Abhaz leh\u00e7esi koptu ve ortaya iki dil \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131:
\n
\n1) Eski Wub\u0131h-Adigece<\/strong>,
\n2) Eski Abhazca<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Daha sonra Eski Wub\u0131h-Eski Adigece dili de ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve Eski Wub\u0131h dili ile Eski Adige dili olu\u015ftu, b\u00f6ylece sonunda \u00fc\u00e7 dil \u00a0(Abhaz, Wub\u0131h, Adige) olu\u015fmu\u015f oldu. <\/strong>(bkz. Marje dergisi, tan\u0131t\u0131m say\u0131s\u0131). Wub\u0131hca\u2019n\u0131n Adigece\u2019den de\u011fil de Abhazca’dan ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler de vard\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Kafkas Dillerine<\/strong> Akraba Olan Ba\u015fka Diller Var m\u0131d\u0131r? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi gibi, \u00a0baz\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere g\u00f6re, \u00a0\u00d6nasya ve Akdeniz \u00e7evresinde konu\u015fulmu\u015f olan eski diller, s\u00f6zgeli\u015fi Sumer, Elam<\/strong> ve Hatti<\/strong> gibi\u00a0 \u00f6l\u00fc dillerle Abhaz-Adige dilleri aras\u0131nda akrabal\u0131k ili\u015fkileri \u00a0vard\u0131r (bkz. \u00d6l\u00fc dil, internet). Dahas\u0131 \u0130spanya ve Fransa’da konu\u015fulan Bask dili<\/strong> ile Pakistan’\u0131n Hunza b\u00f6lgesinde konu\u015fulan Buru\u015faski <\/strong>(Hacuna) dilini bile Kafkas dilleri ile akraba ya da ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler de vard\u0131r. Ancak bu t\u00fcr g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler kesin bir bilimsel sonuca ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir ve hen\u00fcz tart\u0131\u015fma d\u00fczeyindedirler.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle biz Adigece\u2019nin bir Kafkas dili oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemekle yetinmek durumunday\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Adige Dilinin Ya\u015f\u0131 Nedir? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Adige dilinin ya\u015f\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f de\u011fi\u015fik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde Adige dilinin Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’<\/strong>ndan, yani binlerce y\u0131ldan beri Kafkasya’da konu\u015fulmakta oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcren g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f en eskiyi temsil etmektedir ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla da do\u011fru olarak kabul edilebilir. Ancak bu konuda da kesin konu\u015fmak i\u00e7in san\u0131r\u0131z, arkeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ilerletilmesi ve de\u011ferlendirilmeleri, ayr\u0131ca Adigey\u2019de bulunmu\u015f olan Meot<\/strong> (\u041c\u044b\u0443\u04421) yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n okunup de\u011ferlendirilmeleri gerekmektedir. Bu t\u00fcr bilimsel de\u011ferlendirmeleri yapacak bilimsel ekipmanlar hen\u00fcz olu\u015fmu\u015f de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc Adige arkeologu Aslan Tev’<\/strong>e (\u0422\u044d\u0443 \u0410\u0441\u043b\u044a\u0430\u043d) g\u00f6re bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Adigey Cumhuriyeti<\/strong> (bkz. internet) topraklar\u0131nda 10 bin, eski \u00c7erkesya co\u011frafyas\u0131nda ise 50 bin dolay\u0131nda kaz\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekli t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs (kurgan; 1\u0443\u0430\u0448\u044a\u0445\u044c\u044d;\u043a\u044a\u044d\u0433\u044a\u044d\u0441\u044d\u0439), h\u00f6y\u00fck, eski kale, \u00f6ren yeri, vb gibi yerler bulunmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar, ku\u015fkusuz \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ve \u00e7ok zengin bir tarihsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fin kan\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmeleri, uzun bir zaman, bilimsel kadrolar, emek ve para gerektirmektedir.<\/p>\n

Aslan Tev\u2019in de\u011findi\u011fi buluntulara dayanarak konu\u015facak olursak Adige dilinin (ve bu arada Abhaz dilinin de) en az 4 bin 500, dahas\u0131 5 bin 500 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi bulunmaktad\u0131r (bkz. Adigey Cumhuriyeti, internet).<\/p>\n

Maykop\u2019ta bulunmu\u015f olan 3 bin 300 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir yaz\u0131l\u0131 ta\u015fta da bir Meot yaz\u0131s\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Yaz\u0131, Sovyet dilbilimcisi Prof. Tur\u00e7aninov<\/strong>\u2019a g\u00f6re eski Abhaz diliyle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Bu konuda ayr\u0131ca bkz. Necmettin Karaerkek, Yaz\u0131, Nart dergisi, say\u0131 44; Jineps gazetesi, Ocak 2007) Ancak yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesine ait bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, o zamandan beri \u00a0ba\u015fka bilimsel \u00e7evrelerce do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f da de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Adige Nart destan\u0131nda geni\u015f bir yer tutan demirci Nart Tlep\u015f<\/strong>\u2019e (\u041b\u044a\u044d\u043f\u0448\u044a) ait anlat\u0131lar\u0131n M\u00d6 8-7\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131llara dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmektedir. Demir madeni o tarihlerde Kafkasya\u2019da kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu durumda Adigece\u2019nin en az 2 bin 700 – 2 bin 600 y\u0131ldan beri Kafkasya\u2019da konu\u015fulmakta oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Grek belgelerine g\u00f6re Adige atalar\u0131 olarak kabul edilen Sind ve Meotlar\u0131n M\u00d6 5 ve 4\u2019nc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131llarda yaz\u0131lar\u0131 bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n

Adigece \u00fczerine \u015fimdilik bu t\u00fcr bilgileri belirtmekle yetinmek durumunday\u0131z. Daha kesin konu\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucunu beklememiz gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Adigece\u2019nin Yay\u0131lma Alan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Adigece\u2019nin eski yay\u0131lma alan\u0131 Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Rusya ve Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde (K\u0131r\u0131m Yar\u0131madas\u0131 da dahil) Adigece\u2019nin konu\u015fulmu\u015f oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. 15-16\u2019nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Azak Denizi (\u0425\u044b \u041c\u044b\u0443\u04421\u044d), Taman Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u00a0 (\u0422\u044d\u043c\u044d\u043d\u044b\u043a1\u044d) ve Karadeniz (\u0425\u044b \u04281\u0443\u04461\u044d) k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkasya ya da \u00c7erkesya\u2019da Adigece yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Adigece\u2019nin do\u011fudaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u015fimdiki Kuzey Osetya, \u0130ngu\u015fya ve \u00c7e\u00e7enya\u2019ya de\u011fin uzan\u0131yordu. Dahas\u0131 Adige s\u00f6zl\u00fc anlat\u0131lar\u0131nda (1\u043e\u04401\u0443\u0430\u0442\u044d), Ten<\/strong> (\u0422\u0435\u043d\u044d; Don \u0131rma\u011f\u0131) ve \u0130ndil <\/strong>(\u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043b; Volga \u0131rma\u011f\u0131) \u0131rmak adlar\u0131 \u00e7ok ge\u00e7mekte ve Adigelerin buralarda da ya\u015famakta olduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

O zamanlar Adigeler gibi b\u00f6ylesine geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ba\u015fka bir Kafkas dili daha yoktu.<\/p>\n

16\u2019nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kuban \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kuzey b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc K\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131 Tatarlar\u0131n<\/strong> eline ge\u00e7ti, ayr\u0131ca 1556\u2019da Tatar kimlikli Astrahan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ilhak eden Ruslar \u015fimdiki Kabardey ve Adigey halklar\u0131 yan\u0131nda, ayr\u0131ca di\u011fer Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131 ile de (Oset, \u0130ngu\u015f, \u00c7e\u00e7en ve Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar)\u00a0 kom\u015fu oldular, 1557\u2019de Rus korumas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde bir Rus-Kabardey ittifak\u0131<\/strong> olu\u015ftu. B\u00f6ylece Tatarlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Ruslar da Adige topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme do\u011frultusunda \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015f oldular.<\/p>\n

Ruslar 1783\u2019te Kuban \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 kuzeyinde bulunan ve K\u0131r\u0131m Devleti\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 olan topraklar\u0131 K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda ilhak ettiler, bu son b\u00f6lgeyi Nogay<\/strong> ve Adigeler<\/strong>den temizlediler. 1864\u2019te de kuzeyde Kuban Irma\u011f\u0131 a\u011fz\u0131ndan g\u00fcneyde Bz\u0131b \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 a\u011fz\u0131na de\u011fin uzanan Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Adigelerin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, ayr\u0131ca do\u011fuda \u015ehagua\u015fe \u0131rma\u011f\u0131na (\u0428\u044a\u0445\u044c\u044d\u0433\u0443\u0430\u0449\u044d;Belaya \u0131rma\u011f\u0131) de\u011fin uzanan Adige topraklar\u0131n\u0131 Adigelerden (Shapsugh ve Abzegh)\u00a0 tamam\u0131yla temizlediler. Adigelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu (% 95) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131, \u00e7ok az\u0131n\u0131n Orta Kuban ve Orta Laba boylar\u0131nda kendilerine g\u00f6sterilen yerlere yerle\u015fmelerine izin verildi. Ancak bu son Adigelerin de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu daha sonra (\u00f6zelikle 1880 ve 1890\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca \u015fimdiki \u015eerceskale<\/strong> (\u00c7erkessk; \u0428\u044d\u0440\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0441\u043a\u044a\u0430\u043b\u044d) y\u00f6resinde ve Kabardey<\/strong>\u2019de de bir miktar Adige kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (Hepsi 1897\u2019de 140 bin dolay\u0131ndayd\u0131).<\/p>\n

Adigece\u2019yi Konu\u015fanlar\u0131n Say\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ok geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde Adigece\u2019yi konu\u015fmakta olanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu ku\u015fkusuzdur. Ancak kesin bir say\u0131 vermek i\u00e7in yeterli yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgeler yoktur, var olanlar da tahminlere dayanmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6zgeli\u015fi Adige tarih\u00e7isi General \u0130smail Berkok\u2019a<\/strong> g\u00f6re Adige ve Abhaz say\u0131s\u0131 14-15\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131llarda 2 milyon 500 bin dolay\u0131nda idi. Rus askeri makamlar\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re 1830\u2019larda Adige say\u0131s\u0131 1 milyonun \u00fczerindeydi. (bkz. Asker Hade\u011fal, Nartlar, Jineps gazetesi, say\u0131 20). Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Mirza Bala <\/strong>ve Prof. \u015eevgen<\/strong>\u2019e g\u00f6re ise say\u0131 2 milyon dolay\u0131nda, Prof. Karpat<\/strong>\u2019a g\u00f6re ise 2 milyondan da fazlayd\u0131. (bkz. Adigey Cumhuriyeti, internet).<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 Ruslar\u0131n ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ilerinin 300 bin gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck rakamlar \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fckleri de g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci bir ideolojinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan bu t\u00fcr g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri bir yana itti\u011fimizde, 1864 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc \u00f6ncesinde Adigece\u2019nin 2 milyon dolay\u0131nda bir n\u00fcfus taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulmakta oldu\u011funu kabul etmek durumunday\u0131z.<\/p>\n

1897 y\u0131l\u0131 Rus resmi istatistik bilgilerine g\u00f6re Kafkasya\u2019daki toplam Adige say\u0131s\u0131 140 bin dolay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu n\u00fcfusun 98 bin 500 kadar\u0131 \u015fimdiki Kabardey\u2019de, 13 bin kadar\u0131 \u015eerceskale (\u00c7erkessk) y\u00f6resinde, 30 bin kadar\u0131 da \u015fimdiki Adigey<\/strong> ile K\u0131y\u0131boyu Shapsughya<\/strong>\u2019da bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n

Adige toplam say\u0131s\u0131 2002\u2019de 700 bin dolay\u0131nda idi (720 bin). Bu n\u00fcfusun 500 bini Kabardey-Balkarya\u2019da, 50 bini Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya\u2019da, 108 bini Adigey\u2019de, 12 bini K\u0131y\u0131boyu Shapsughya\u2019da (\u015e\u2019a\u00e7e\/So\u00e7i metropoliten alan\u0131 ve Tuapse rayonu), kalan\u0131 Krasnodar Kray (Uspensk rayon\u0131), Stavropol Kray (Kursk rayonu) ile Kuzey Osetya-Alania Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde (Mozdok rayonu) \u00a0bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Diaspora\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye kentlerinde 2 milyon 500 bin \u00c7erkes, ayr\u0131ca Suriye, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, \u0130srail (4 bin) ve Bulgaristan\u2019da da (1.300) Adige ya da \u00c7erkeslerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Irak ve Libya\u2019da da \u00c7erkes (Adige) toplu yerle\u015fimleri vard\u0131r. Buralardan ve Kafkasya\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f olarak AB \u00fclkeleri, ABD, \u0130svi\u00e7re, Kanada ve Avustralya dahil 40 kadar \u00fclkede ya\u015fayan Adigeler vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de k\u00f6yl\u00fc Adigelerin i\u00e7inde Adigece\u2019yi (Shapsugh, Abzegh ve Kabardey) bilen say\u0131s\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek oranda iken, 2 milyon 500 bin<\/strong> tahmin edilen kentli \u00c7erkes n\u00fcfusu i\u00e7inde Adigece\u2019yi (\u00c7erkesce) bilenlerin oran\u0131n\u0131n daha az oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmektedir. (% 20; bkz Vatan gazetesi, 6. 06. 2008, internet) Ancak kentlerde de olsa Adigeler etnik kimliklerini genellikle korumaktad\u0131rlar.
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Not: <\/strong>Bu yaz\u0131 11 Aral\u0131k 1976\u2019da verdi\u011fim ve 1977\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan \u201cKakaysa \u00dczerine Be\u015f Konferans\u201d kitab\u0131ndaki yaz\u0131m\u0131n g\u00fcncelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bi\u00e7imidir. -HCY<\/p>\n

Adige Dil Alan\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesi<\/p>\n

<\/strong> Tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 boyunca Adige dil alan\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, Adigece\u2019yi konu\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 da azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00d6 3\u2019nc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131lda Adige Sind<\/strong> ve M\u0131v\u0131t\u2019<\/strong> (\u041c\u044b\u0443\u04421;Meot) ekonomisi, ucuz M\u0131s\u0131r bu\u011fday\u0131n\u0131n rekabeti ve Akdeniz bu\u011fday ticaretini ele ge\u00e7irmesi \u00fczerine ekonomik, askeri ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcreci i\u00e7ine girmi\u015ftir. (Gerileme s\u00fcreci o d\u00f6nemden beri s\u00fcrmektedir.)<\/p>\n

Savunma \u00fczerine kurulu Meot (Adige) askeri stratejisi, uzun s\u00fcreli g\u00f6\u00e7ebe kabilelerin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koyamad\u0131. Bat\u0131ya do\u011fru aral\u0131ks\u0131z s\u00fcr\u00fcp giden Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc<\/strong> de Adige topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kas\u0131p kavurdu. Adigelere ve di\u011fer Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik birbirini izleyen Kimmer, \u0130skit, Sarmat, Alan, Got, Hun, Mo\u011fol<\/strong> ve Tatar<\/strong> ak\u0131nlar\u0131 hep devam etti. (Sonuncu ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc darbe ise Ruslardan<\/strong> geldi.) \u00c7erkesya\u2019n\u0131n ovalar\u0131 bu kavimlerin istilalar\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131. MS 4 ve 6\u2019nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca s\u00fcren Hun sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong>, \u00f6ncekilere oranla en a\u011f\u0131r darbeyi indirdi. Adige kentleri ya\u011fmaland\u0131 ve yerle bir edildi, \u00e7ok say\u0131da Adige \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ya da tutsak al\u0131nd\u0131. K\u0131y\u0131 ticareti, Adige kentleri ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131 sona erdi;<\/strong> Adigeler da\u011flara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmak ve oralarda yoksul bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek durumunda kald\u0131lar. (Daha \u00e7ok bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Adigey Cumhuriyeti, tarih b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, internet) Daha sonra, 16\u2019nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda (1557) ba\u015flayan ve \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131l kadar s\u00fcren Rus yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n 19\u2019uncu y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda (1864) tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi bulunan \u00c7erkesya\u2019n\u0131n Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan halk\u0131 ile birlikte vah\u015fi bir bi\u00e7imde yok edildi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz<\/strong> .(1864\u2019te Adigelerden eski yurtlar\u0131nda kalmas\u0131na izin tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan 100 binden daha az Adige\u2019nin bile en az d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn, daha sonralar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu da g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.) Yani Ruslar Adigeleri bir d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkeye g\u00f6ndererek onlardan kurtulma gibi ac\u0131mas\u0131z bir politika uygulad\u0131lar, Adigelerin \u00fclkesine ve topraklar\u0131na el koyarak, onlar\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde ayr\u0131lmak zorunda b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. S\u00f6z konusu bu etnik temizlik olaylar\u0131<\/strong> sonucu olarak, baz\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck y\u00f6reler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Adige dil co\u011frafyas\u0131<\/strong>, bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftirdi ve yerini Rusca\u2019ya b\u0131rakt\u0131. Kabardiya<\/strong> d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda (500 bin) Adigece\u2019nin konu\u015fuldu\u011fu yerler, bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in Rus dil denizi i\u00e7inde y\u00fczen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k adac\u0131klar durumuna d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Kafkasya\u2019da \u0130\u00e7 Durum ve Halklar Aras\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarih boyunca Kafkasya\u2019da halklar aras\u0131 bir i\u00e7 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve dost\u00e7a ili\u015fkilerin a\u011f\u0131r bast\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliyoruz. Ancak Abhazlar\u0131n Svanlar<\/strong>, G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin<\/strong> de Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar<\/strong> ile zaman zaman \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131, Adige feodal birimlerinin ve \u00c7e\u00e7en kom\u00fcnlerinin birbirleriyle s\u0131k s\u0131k \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131p durduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Ancak bunlar s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ve yerel d\u00fczeyde kalan ve pek de politik olmayan (feodalizm kaynakl\u0131) olaylar idiler.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylesine bir bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ortam\u0131n bulunuyor olmas\u0131, o zamanlar i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck halk olan Adigeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da iki \u00f6nemli nedene dayanmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

1)<\/strong> Meot sonras\u0131ndaki Adigelerin ya\u011fmalanmaya de\u011fecek de\u011ferde bir art\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin kalmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131,
\n2)<\/strong> Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n Kafkas halklar\u0131na sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunma avantaj\u0131.<\/p>\n

Nitekim Adigeleri ya\u011fmalamaya gelenler birka\u00e7 ba\u015f hayvan d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir \u015fey bulam\u0131yor, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k ba\u015flar\u0131na yuvarlanan kocaman kayalar ya da \u00fcstlerine ya\u011fan oklarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Adige toplumu da, kukusuz di\u011fer toplumlar gibi s\u0131n\u0131flara b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Orta\u00e7a\u011f ve izleyen \u00e7a\u011flarda k\u00f6y beyleri<\/strong> (p\u015f\u0131\/\u043f\u0449\u044b) ve bu beylerin soylu verkleri <\/strong>(\u043e\u0440\u043a\u044a\/kahya), onlar\u0131n serfleri, yani toprak k\u00f6leleri<\/strong> (p\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\/\u043f\u0449\u044b\u043b1\u044b), beylerin koruma ve egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan k\u00f6yl\u00fcler<\/strong> (fekotl\/\u0444\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1) ve k\u00f6leler<\/strong> (v\u0131neut\/\u0443\u043d\u044d1\u0443\u0442) toplumun ana s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyorlard\u0131. Bu t\u00fcr yar\u0131 feodal Adige topluluklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde serf ve k\u00f6leler \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturuyordu. Bey-serf ya da k\u00f6le ili\u015fkileri di\u011fer toplumlardaki gibiydi, serf ve k\u00f6lelerin farkl\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 \u00a0zaten olamazd\u0131. Wub\u0131h<\/strong> ve Abazalar<\/strong> (Abazin) aras\u0131nda da k\u00f6le eme\u011fi ve ticareti \u00f6nemliydi. Ancak Wub\u0131hlarda soylu (bey) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 yoktu, onun yerini kua\u015fkha <\/strong>denilen k\u00f6le t\u00fcccar\u0131 ya da k\u00f6le sahibi zengin bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu t\u00fcr toplumlarda bey<\/strong> (p\u015f\u0131) ya da soylu kahya<\/strong> (verk\/\u043e\u0440\u043a\u044a) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan olanlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ay\u0131p say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bunlar g\u00fcnlerini uyumak, e\u011flenmek, konuk a\u011f\u0131rlamak ve ava gitmekle ge\u00e7irirlerdi. K\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 (fekotl) kad\u0131nlar\u0131 da ev i\u015fleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmazd\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden bu t\u00fcr toplumlardaki \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n bir tembellik durumu bulunuyordu. Toplumun y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc serfler, k\u00f6leler ve yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcler s\u0131rtlanm\u0131\u015f durumdayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131n Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ve da\u011flarda ya\u015fayan Natukuay <\/strong>(\u041d\u044d\u0442\u044b\u0445\u044a\u0443\u0430\u0439), Shapsugh, Hak\u2019u\u00e7<\/strong> ve Abzeghler<\/strong> aras\u0131nda eski (arkaik) demokratik toplum yap\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde korunmu\u015ftu. K\u00f6le ve serfler (toprak k\u00f6lesi) bulunsa bile say\u0131lar\u0131 azd\u0131. En \u00e7ok k\u00f6le Abzeghler (\u0410\u0431\u0434\u0437\u0430\u0445) aras\u0131nda bulunurdu, baz\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n d\u00f6rtte biri, Abzeghlerin onda biri, Shapsughlar\u0131n da yirmide biri do\u011frudan k\u00f6le (\u0443\u043d\u044d1\u0443\u0442) ya da toprak k\u00f6lesi (\u043f\u0449\u044b\u043b1\u044b) idi. Ancak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki, \u00f6zellikle Bal\u0131kesir ve Kocaeli\u2019ndeki g\u00f6zlemlerim k\u00f6le oran\u0131n\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu bi\u00e7imindedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Bal\u0131kesir Susurluk\u2019ta Sultan\u00e7ay\u0131r\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fc yukar\u0131s\u0131nda Kad\u0131k\u0131r\u0131<\/strong> ad\u0131nda 60 haneli ve tamam\u0131 Abzegh k\u00f6lesi olan bir k\u00f6y bulundu\u011fu, bunlar\u0131n, herhalde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmaktan kurtulmak i\u00e7in topraklar\u0131n\u0131 Y\u00f6r\u00fcklere satarak da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Buna benzer \u00f6rnekler az de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Son d\u00f6nemlerde k\u00f6le (esir) ticareti Abzegh ve Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n tekeline ge\u00e7mi\u015f gibiydi, Osmanl\u0131 esir t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 onlarla, \u00f6zellikle d\u00fcr\u00fcst ki\u015filer olarak g\u00fcvendikleri Wub\u0131hlarla ticaret yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Rus i\u015fgal b\u00f6lgelerinde ise, Rusya b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu gibi insan ticareti yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak s\u00f6z konusu toplumlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen gizli bir insan ticaretinin bulundu\u011funu da belirtmeliyiz.<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n yeterince belirmedi\u011fi bu son topluluklarda, eski s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z topluma \u00f6zg\u00fc bir\u00e7ok \u00f6zellikler ve kal\u0131nt\u0131 bir arkaik demokrasi<\/strong> bulunurdu. Egemenlik Xase<\/strong> (\u0425\u0430\u0441\u044d) denilen halk meclisleri eliyle k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 (fekotl) taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Xase \u00fcyeleri se\u00e7imle i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131na getirilirlerdi, bir y\u00f6re ya da birka\u00e7 k\u00f6y birli\u011fi (kom\u00fcn) bi\u00e7imindeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimlerde ise, t\u0131pk\u0131 \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi \u00f6zg\u00fcr erkeklerin (fekotl) kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla olu\u015fan do\u011frudan demokrasi<\/strong> uygulamalar\u0131 vard\u0131. Nitekim Adige ve \u0130svi\u00e7re da\u011f demokrasileri, dahas\u0131 bu iki toplumun gelenekleri birbirine \u00e7ok benzemektedir. Her iki toplumda da sadakat ve vefaya \u00e7ok de\u011fer verilmektedir. Bu kategoriye Basklar ve Kelt halklar\u0131 (\u0130sko\u00e7, \u0130rlanda, Gal, vb), T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki baz\u0131 topluluklar da (\u00d6rne\u011fin Rize \u00c7ayeli, Tunceli, vb) dahil edilebilir. Bunlar\u0131n gelenekleri, ili\u015fkileri, karakter, m\u00fczik ve danslar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck benzerlikler vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu son Adige topluluklar\u0131 (Shapsugh, Abzegh vb) aras\u0131nda eski s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z topluma \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00f6zelliklerden olmak \u00fczere, a)Yaz\u0131 yoktu, b)Mabetler ve rahipler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 yoktu, c) Devlet yoktu, ama s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z toplumlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00e7ok tanr\u0131l\u0131<\/strong> ve totemist<\/strong> inan\u00e7larla ocak heykelleri ve surlarla \u00e7evrili s\u0131\u011f\u0131naklar (kaleler) bulunurdu. Nitekim Maykop\u2019taki Ve\u015f\u2019ade (\u041e\u0448\u044a\u0430\u0434\u044d) h\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden (sintepe, kurgan) 4 bin 500 y\u0131ll\u0131k ta\u015f ve alt\u0131ndan yap\u0131lma de\u011fi\u015fik hayvan heykelleri ve e\u015fyalar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (bkz. Adigey Cumhuriyeti; \u00c7erkesya\u2019da de\u011fi\u015fik dinlerle ili\u015fkili yer adlar\u0131, internet; ayr\u0131ca \u201cNartlar\u201d yaz\u0131 dizisi, Jineps, say\u0131 20-27)<\/p>\n

Bu ve daha ba\u015fka yerlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan buluntular eski Adige toplum ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n demokratik temeller \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselmi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Adigelerin bir\u00e7ok topluma oranla geleneklerine daha ba\u011fl\u0131 bir toplum olmas\u0131, Adigelerde bulunan temiz karakter ve insanl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 o g\u00fcnlerden kalm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Nitekim g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bir Adige\u2019nin en korktu\u011fu \u015fey, ad\u0131n\u0131n pis i\u015flerde an\u0131lmas\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fcye \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sayede Adigeler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki fuhu\u015f ve uyu\u015fturucu ticareti, mafya gibi sekt\u00f6rlerde yer almamakta, kimseleri doland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmamaktad\u0131rlar. Ku\u015fkusuz istisnalar vard\u0131r, ancak bunlar kural\u0131 bozmaz.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00f6ylenen iyi \u00f6zellikler, ku\u015fkusuz eski d\u00f6nemlerde daha ge\u00e7erliydi. Yabanc\u0131 toplumlarla ili\u015fkiler sonucu bozulmalar olu\u015fmu\u015ftur, i\u00e7ki ve kalitesiz kad\u0131nlarla evlenme durumlar\u0131 gibi.<\/p>\n

Yar\u0131 feodal topluluklarda, \u00f6rne\u011fin Kabardey, Besleney, Bjedugh, K\u2019emguy, vb aras\u0131nda k\u00f6le eme\u011fi<\/strong> \u00f6nemli bir yer tutarken, Shapsughya, Natukuay ve Abzegh gibi topluluklarda, daha \u00e7ok ataerkil k\u00f6leci ili\u015fkiler<\/strong> s\u00f6z konusuydu. Ataerkil k\u00f6lecilikte k\u00f6le sahibinin kendisi de \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Nitekim bu son topluluklarda kad\u0131n erkek herkes ev d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve tarlada \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fclere h\u00fckmeden bir bey ya da soylu (kahya\/\u043e\u0440\u043a\u044a) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 yoktu.<\/p>\n

Ekonomik Durum ve Bunun Dile Yans\u0131y\u0131\u015f Bi\u00e7imi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sald\u0131r\u0131 ve istilalar sonucu Adige ekonomisi \u00e7ok zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilecek, yani at\u0131l duran kaynaklar\u0131 \u00e7ok daha fazlayd\u0131. Bu da tehlikeyi davet ediyordu. Ekonominin zay\u0131flamas\u0131nda kara ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalmas\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Deniz ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte, kara yolundan, \u00c7in\u2019den gelen \u0130pek Yolu<\/strong> devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu da beraberinde gerileme ve yoksulla\u015fmay\u0131 getirdi. 18 ve 19\u2019uncu y\u00fczy\u0131llarda ise, Kafkasya, Akdeniz\u2019e inmek ve Hindistan\u2019a do\u011fru yay\u0131lmak isteyen Rus s\u00f6m\u00fcrge politikas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, bir atlama tahtas\u0131 olmas\u0131 anlam\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6lge haline gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halklar (K\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131 Tatar, Adige ve Abhazlar), deniz yoluyla d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rus s\u00f6m\u00fcrge politikas\u0131n\u0131n gelece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tehlike olu\u015fturuyordu. Ruslar\u0131n bunlara g\u00fcvenmeleri olanaks\u0131z gibiydi. Nitekim bu halklar \u00f6zellikle Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan ajanlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Rusya aleyhine s\u00fcrekli k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131yor, s\u0131k s\u0131k da kullan\u0131labiliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylesine bir ortamda ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n kolonyalist yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde Adige dili 1783\u2019te Kuban Irma\u011f\u0131 kuzeyindeki yerlerden b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle, 1864\u2019te de Kuban\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki yerlerden -b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde (% 95)- silindi. Ard\u0131ndan<\/strong> 1920\u2019lere de\u011fin \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na yap\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7ler nedeniyle Adige dili, Kabardiya (Terek-Nal\u00e7ik y\u00f6resi), \u015eerceskale (\u00c7erkessk) kenti bat\u0131s\u0131, da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k olarak da Laba ve Kuban \u0131rmaklar\u0131 solundaki<\/strong> ovalarda, Maykop\u2019ta, Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda \u015e\u2019a\u00e7e (So\u00e7i) ve Tuapse y\u00f6relerinde (K\u0131y\u0131boyu Shapsughya) tutunabildi. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Kafkasya\u2019daki Adige say\u0131s\u0131 1897\u2019de 141 bin 500\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Say\u0131 2002\u2019de ise 700 bin dolay\u0131na y\u00fckselmi\u015fti (720 bin). Yani 105 y\u0131lda genel Adige n\u00fcfusu 5 kat kadar artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Bu art\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re, sava\u015flar ve g\u00f6\u00e7ler olmasayd\u0131 Adige n\u00fcfusu, bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in 20 milyonu a\u015fm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131.)<\/p>\n

G\u00f6\u00e7e ya da Diasporaya gelince, Adigelerin say\u0131s\u0131 konusunda ancak tahminlerde bulunabiliyoruz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, resmi anlamda say\u0131y\u0131 az g\u00f6sterme gibi olumsuz bir asimilasyon politikas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. Ayr\u0131ca 1965\u2019ten beri de n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki dillere say\u0131m cetvellerinde yer verilmemektedir. Ancak bundan 8 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Milli G\u00fcvenlik Kurulu\u2019nun bir talimat\u0131 \u00fczerine, baz\u0131 \u00fcniversitelerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde ve akademik d\u00fczeyde yapt\u0131r\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye kentlerinde 2 milyon 500 bin \u00c7erkes bulundu\u011fu<\/strong>, bu say\u0131n\u0131n % 80 kadar\u0131n\u0131n anadilini art\u0131k kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (bkz. \u201dVatan\u201d gazetesi, 6.06.2008, internet) Ancak bu n\u00fcfusun ne kadar\u0131n\u0131n Adige oldu\u011fu da belli de\u011fildir. Bir\u00e7ok Abaza (Abazin) ve Oset kendisini \u00c7erkes olarak tan\u0131tmakta, ayr\u0131ca Kuzey Kafkasya k\u00f6kenlilerin hepsi i\u00e7in \u00c7erkes ad\u0131 da kullan\u0131labilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Adige Dili, Leh\u00e7eleri ve G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Durumu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Adige dili Adigelerin anadilidir. Adigece eskiden Wub\u0131h dilini konu\u015fmu\u015f olan topluluklar\u0131n da anadili haline gelmi\u015ftir. Adigece, \u00c7erkesya ya da Adigey\u2019de ya\u015fayan topluluklar aras\u0131nda da yay\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin anadili Adigece olan Ermeniler (Yermelkale\/Armavir kenti Ermenileri) d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, eski \u00c7erkesya\u2019da ya\u015fayan Kara\u00e7ay, Balkar ve Abazalar (Abazin) aras\u0131nda da Adigece konu\u015fulabilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Adige dili kendi i\u00e7inde iki kola ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

1) <\/strong>Bat\u0131 ya da as\u0131l Adigece<\/strong> (\u0410\u0434\u044b\u0433\u0430\u0431\u0437\u044d);leh\u00e7eleri iki alt gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r, Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda konu\u015fulmu\u015f olan k\u0131y\u0131 leh\u00e7eleri<\/strong>:
\na) <\/strong>Natukuay,
\nb) <\/strong>Shapsughya (\u0428\u0430\u043f\u0441\u044b\u0433\u044a) ve
\nc) <\/strong>Hak\u2019u\u00e7<\/p>\n

Kuban \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 havzas\u0131nda konu\u015fulmu\u015f olan bozk\u0131r leh\u00e7eleri<\/strong>:
\na) <\/strong>Bjedugh,
\nb) <\/strong>Hatukuay (\u0425\u044c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u044a\u0443\u0430\u0439),
\nc) <\/strong>K\u2019emguy,
\nd) <\/strong>Mamh\u0131gh (\u041c\u0430\u043c\u0445\u044b\u0433\u044a),
\ne) <\/strong>Yeger\u0131kuay (\u0415\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0440\u044b\u043a\u044a\u0443\u0430\u0439) ve
\nf)\u00a0 <\/strong>Meho\u015f (\u041c\u044dx\u044a\u043e\u0448)<\/p>\n

Kafkasya\u2019da bug\u00fcn hala konu\u015fulan Bat\u0131 Adige leh\u00e7eleri ise: K\u2019emguy<\/strong> (\u041a1\u044d\u043c\u0433\u0443\u0439), Bjedugh<\/strong> (\u0411\u0436\u044a\u044d\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044a\u0443), Shapsugh <\/strong> (\u0428\u0430\u043f\u0441\u044b\u0433\u044a), Abzegh<\/strong> (\u0410\u0431\u0434\u0437\u0430\u0445) ve Hak\u2019u\u00e7<\/strong> (\u0425\u044c\u0430\u043a1\u0443\u0446\u0443) leh\u00e7eleridir. Adigey yaz\u0131 dili ise, K\u2019emguy leh\u00e7esine dayan\u0131r. <\/strong><\/p>\n

2) <\/strong>Do\u011fu Adigece (\u0410\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044d\u0431\u0437\u044d) ya da Kabardeyce<\/strong> (\u041a\u044a\u044d\u0431\u044d\u0440\u0434\u044d\u0438\u0431\u0437\u044d) 4 leh\u00e7eye ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. a)<\/strong> As\u0131l Kabardeyce<\/strong> (Kabardeylerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulur). As\u0131l Kabardeyce’nin de 4 a\u011fz\u0131 vard\u0131r:
    \n\u00a0aa) Baksan a\u011fz\u0131<\/strong> (Baksan \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6relerinde konu\u015fulur),
    \n<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ab)<\/strong> Terek a\u011fz\u0131<\/strong> (Terek \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 boyunda konu\u015fulur),
    \n<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ac)<\/strong> Malka a\u011fz\u0131<\/strong> (Malka \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 boyunda konu\u015fulur),
    \n<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ad)<\/strong> Kuban Zelen\u00e7uk a\u011fz\u0131<\/strong> (Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya\u2019da konu\u015fulur).
    \n<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0b) Mozdok Kabardeyce<\/strong> (Kuzey Osetya-Alania\u2019da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir grup taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulur),
    \n<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c)<\/strong> Besleneyce<\/strong> (Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya\u2019n\u0131n iki k\u00f6y\u00fc ile Krasnodar Kray\u2019\u0131n iki k\u00f6y\u00fcnde daha konu\u015fulur),
    \n<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d)<\/strong> Kuban Kabardeyce<\/strong> (Adigey Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde Laba \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 solunda d\u00f6rt k\u00f6yde konu\u015fulur). Kabardey yaz\u0131 dili, As\u0131l Kabardey leh\u00e7esinin Baksan a\u011fz\u0131na dayan\u0131r. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Bat\u0131 Adigece’nin Bjedugh leh\u00e7esi Adigey\u2019de Kuban \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 boyunda, Shapsugh leh\u00e7esi ise Bjedugh\u2019un bat\u0131s\u0131nda, Adigey\u2019in d\u00f6rt k\u00f6y\u00fc ile Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki K\u0131y\u0131boyu Shapsughya\u2019da (So\u00e7i ve Tuapse\u2019deki 13 k\u00f6yde), Abzegh leh\u00e7esi Adigey\u2019in iki k\u00f6y\u00fcnde (Hakur\u0131nehab ve Mefehabl), Hak\u2019u\u00e7 leh\u00e7esi ise K\u0131y\u0131boyu Shapsughya\u2019da \u015e\u2019a\u00e7e\/So\u00e7i\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131 Tha\u011fap\u015f (Kirova) k\u00f6y\u00fcnde konu\u015fulur. Ayr\u0131ca Adigey\u2019de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir Natukuay k\u00f6y\u00fc daha vard\u0131r.K\u2019emguy leh\u00e7esi Laba \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 solundaki k\u00f6ylerde konu\u015fulur.Hatukuay,Mamh\u0131gh ve Yeger\u0131kuaylar da \u00a0art\u0131k K\u2019emguy leh\u00e7esinde konu\u015furlar.<\/p>\n

    1920\u2019den sonra olu\u015fmu\u015f olan Adige ve Kabardey yaz\u0131 dilleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Shapsugh Ulusal Rayonu\u2019nda Shapsughca da,1945 y\u0131l\u0131na de\u011fin bir yaz\u0131 ve edebiyat dili durumunda idi. <\/strong>Ancak 1945\u2019te, Rus b\u00fcrokratik diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (Stalinizm) taraf\u0131ndan bir tehlike olarak de\u011ferlendirilip Shapsughlar\u0131n \u00f6zerkli\u011fine son verilmesiyle birlikte, diasporada halen yayg\u0131n olarak konu\u015fulan Shapsughca art\u0131k bir yaz\u0131 ve edebiyat dili olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Diaspora\u2019da ve Kafkasya\u2019da 1920\u2019den \u00f6nce Shapsughca <\/strong>ve Kabardeyce<\/strong> ba\u015fl\u0131ca yaz\u0131 dilleri idiler. Adigece<\/strong> Mevlit<\/strong> Shapsugh leh\u00e7esinde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ayr\u0131ca Shapsughca bir ibadet dili<\/strong> idi. Bug\u00fcn de bu son d\u00f6nemde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ve yeniden g\u00fc\u00e7lenmeye ba\u015flayan Shapsughlar dillerini canland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f vermektedirler, nitekim Adigece Mevlit yeniden yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f (2000) olup, \u0130stanbul\u2019un tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f emekli mevlithanlar\u0131ndan Haf\u0131z Fahrettin Abatay<\/strong> (\u0413\u0443\u0441\u044d\u0440\/Guser; d. 1934, Bal\u0131kesir, Susurluk il\u00e7esi Demirkap\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fc) taraf\u0131ndan, eski Adige makam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk mevlit makam\u0131na da uyarlanarak Shapsughca mevlit yeniden okunmu\u015f, kasetleri piyasaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve mevlitlerde de okunmas\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki 80 y\u0131ll\u0131k dil yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, fiilen de ortadan kalkmas\u0131 durumunda Adigece i\u00e7in de bir toparlanma ve bir geli\u015fme olana\u011f\u0131 do\u011fmu\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr bir toparlanma, ku\u015fkusuz Kafkasya\u2019da, Rus makamlar\u0131 ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ileri eliyle halihaz\u0131rda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmekte olan Rusla\u015ft\u0131rma politikalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olu\u015fturma ve bir kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlem yerine ge\u00e7ecektir.<\/p>\n

    Adige Dil Alan\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesi<\/p>\n

    <\/strong> Tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 boyunca Adige dil alan\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, Adigece\u2019yi konu\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 da azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    TAR\u0130H BOYUNCA AD\u0130GE YAZISI<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1) Eski Adige yaz\u0131lar\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur. Bunlar\u0131n en eskileri Meotlara<\/strong> (\u041c\u044b\u0443\u04421) ait olan yaz\u0131lard\u0131r. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Adigey Cumhuriyeti ile 1864 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6ncesinin eski \u00c7erkesya co\u011frafyas\u0131nda 50 bin kadar h\u00f6y\u00fck (sintepe, kurgan), kent kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, eski kale ve bunun gibi \u00f6ren yeri bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Adigey\u2019in Maykop ve Adigekale<\/strong> (Adigeysk) kentleri ile Krasnogvardeysk<\/strong> ve Maykop<\/strong> (\u041c\u044b\u0435\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043f\u044d) rayonlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda M\u00d6 3’\u00fcnc\u00fc bin y\u0131la ait (4 bin 500 y\u0131l, ba\u015fka bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re de 5 bin 500 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine ait) Meot (Adige)\u00a0 arkeolojik yap\u0131tlar\u0131 (\u0441\u0430\u0443\u0433\u044a\u044d\u0442) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu arada Adigekale <\/strong>kenti ile yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki Ne\u00e7erez\u0131y<\/strong> k\u00f6y\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki (Ne\u00e7erez\u0131y \u015fimdi baraj sular\u0131 alt\u0131ndad\u0131r) bir alanda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan kaz\u0131larda da bir Meot tabletleri kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> bulunmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece Adigelerin binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde kullanm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 bir yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f oldu. Bu arada Maykop’ta bulunan bir yaz\u0131l\u0131 ta\u015fta da (Maykop Ta\u015f\u0131) bir Meot yaz\u0131s\u0131 ve bir kent krokisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. (bkz. Adigey Cumhuriyeti, internet)<\/p>\n

    Uzmanlar yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmayan dillerin her bir bin 400 y\u0131lda bir de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011frayabildiklerini kabul etmektedirler. Bu bak\u0131mdan eski Adigece (Meot dili) ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bu tabletlerin okunmas\u0131 ku\u015fkusuz zaman alacakt\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirecek uzman ekipmanlar\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilmeleri sorunu da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u015eimdiki Anapa<\/strong> kenti y\u00f6resinde M\u00d6 5’inci y\u00fczy\u0131lda Sind Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>‘n\u0131 kurmu\u015f olan Adige Meotlar\u0131n da Grek belgelerine g\u00f6re yaz\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131. (bkz. Sindika, internet)<\/p>\n

    Daha sonra Adigelerin bir yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funa ili\u015fkin bir bilgimiz yoktur. \u00d6rne\u011fin Cenoval\u0131 \u0130talyan yazar\u0131 Georg \u0130nteriano\u2019<\/strong>nun 1502\u2019de Cenova\u2019da yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu kitab\u0131nda Adigelerin mektuplar\u0131n\u0131 Yahudilere yazd\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Adigeler o zamanlar hen\u00fcz M\u00fcsl\u00fcman de\u011fildiler.<\/p>\n

    2) Adige (Kabardey)-Rus ili\u015fkilerinin 16’nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda (1557) geli\u015fmesi \u00fczerine H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k Adigeler aras\u0131nda yeniden yay\u0131lmaya, mezar ta\u015f\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde Grek-Slav harfleri kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bir Adige alfabesi kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (bkz. \u0410\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044d \u0442\u0445\u044b\u0431\u0437\u044d\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0445\u044b\u0434\u044d, s. 12)<\/p>\n

    Adigelere ve \u00f6teki Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik Rus kolonyalist politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Ruslardan al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k ve Adige yaz\u0131s\u0131 da terk edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    S\u00f6ylenen bu yaz\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda baz\u0131 yaz\u0131lar bulundu\u011fu da s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Ancak bunlara ili\u015fkin yeterli bilgiler hen\u00fcz elimize ge\u00e7memi\u015ftir. (Adige yaz\u0131lar\u0131 konusunda ayr\u0131ca bkz. “Adigey”, Vikipedi, tarih ve ekonomi b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri; Adigey Cumhuriyeti, ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmler, internet)<\/p>\n

    Adigelerin M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fmalar\u0131 ile birlikte Arap alfabesini kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, k\u00f6y okullar\u0131nda Adigece\u2019nin yard\u0131m\u0131yla Arap\u00e7a dini e\u011fitim ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. O s\u0131ralarda Adigece\u2019nin de kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ku\u015fkusuzdur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Arap\u00e7a\u2019y\u0131 yeterince bilen din adam\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 azd\u0131 ve Adigece\u2019ye gereksinim vard\u0131. Adigeler \u00fcst dini e\u011fitimlerini Da\u011f\u0131stan, K\u0131r\u0131m, Buhara, Kahire, \u0130stanbul, vb yerlerde al\u0131yor olabilirlerdi.<\/p>\n

    Ancak \u0130slamiyet d\u00f6neminde Adigelerin oturmu\u015f bir Adigece yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilecek durumda da de\u011filiz.<\/p>\n

    Bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc toplumu olan ve s\u0131k s\u0131k yer de\u011fi\u015ftiren Adigelerin \u0130slamiyet d\u00f6neminde Arap\u00e7a ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini biliyoruz ama bunlar\u0131n bir Adige yaz\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015ftirdikleri konusunda hen\u00fcz yeterli bir bilgi edinmi\u015f de de\u011filiz.<\/p>\n

    1864 etnik temizlik ve d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc \u00f6ncesinde Adigeler aras\u0131nda bir uyan\u0131\u015f hareketi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Adigece alfabe ve yaz\u0131lar belirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak o zamanlar Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Adigeler hen\u00fcz tam M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k T\u00fcrklerle s\u0131k\u0131 ticari (insan ticareti) ili\u015fkileri bulunan Wub\u0131hlar aras\u0131nda daha yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Baz\u0131 Adigeler de \u00e7oktanr\u0131c\u0131 (politeist) ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k karmas\u0131 inan\u00e7lar ta\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. (Bu konuda da bkz. \u00c7erkesya’da de\u011fi\u015fik dinlerle ili\u015fkili yer adlar\u0131, internet) Bu gibi nedenlerle bir Adigece yaz\u0131 olu\u015fturacak etkili bir ruhban ya da din adamlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman din adamlar\u0131 z\u00fcmresini de Arap\u00e7a’y\u0131 kullanmakla yetindiklerini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

    Son y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucu, \u00f6zellikle 19’uncu y\u00fczy\u0131ldan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze de\u011fin uzanan bir zaman kesiti i\u00e7inde haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ya da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Adige yaz\u0131 ve alfabelerinin bulundu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi de ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu gibi konularda en geni\u015f bilgi Adige s\u00f6zl\u00fck bilimcisi Fahri Huvaj’<\/strong>\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden sa\u011flanabilir. <\/p>\n

    \u0130LK AD\u0130GE ALFABELER\u0130 VE YAZARLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Biz yine de ilk alfabe ve yazarlar konusunda baz\u0131 k\u0131sa bilgiler sunal\u0131m. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ilk Adige alfabesi bir Shapsugh ayd\u0131n\u0131 olan \u015eeretl\u0131ko Netavko Hace<\/strong> (\u0428\u044d\u0440\u044d\u043b1\u044b\u043a\u044a\u043e \u041d\u044d\u04421\u0430\u0443\u043a\u044a\u043e \u0425\u044c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u044d) taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (tahminen 1820\u2019li y\u0131llarda), ancak bu alfabe egemen s\u0131n\u0131ftan gericilerin bask\u0131lar\u0131 sonucu yakt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130kinci Adige yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Kaz-Geriy\u2019in (\u041a\u044a\u0430\u0437-\u0414\u0436\u044d\u0440\u044b\u0439; 1807-1863)\u00a0 haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f, ancak o da yay\u0131nlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze eri\u015fememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Bilinen ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan ilk Adige (Kabardey) alfabesi \u015eor Negume<\/strong>\u2019ye (\u041d\u044d\u0433\u0443\u043c\u044d \u0428\u043e\u0440; 1794-1844) aittir. Negume biri Kiril (1840), di\u011feri Arap-\u0130ran harfli (1843) iki el yazmas\u0131 alfabe b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Adige ayd\u0131n\u0131 V\u0131mar B\u0131rsey<\/strong> (\u0411\u044b\u0440\u0441\u044d\u0439 \u0423\u043c\u0430\u0440) \u201cAdigece<\/strong> S\u00f6zl\u00fck\u201d<\/strong> (\u0410\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044d\u0431\u0437\u044d \u043f\u0441\u044d\u043b\u044a\u0430\u043b\u044a\u044d\u0440) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 ilk Adigece kitab\u0131n\u0131 14 Mart 1853\u2019te yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, 14 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc her y\u0131l Adigece G\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong> olarak kutlanmaktad\u0131r. (bkz. V\u0131mar B\u0131rsey; \u0130lk yazar ve yay\u0131nc\u0131m\u0131z, internet) B\u0131rsey ayr\u0131ca 1850-1860 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Stavropol Lisesi\u2019nde Adigece okutmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    Daha sonra gerek Kafkasya\u2019da ve gerekse diasporada \u00e7ok say\u0131da alfabe yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 Arap, di\u011ferleri Kiril ve Latin harfleri esas al\u0131narak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Mart 1920\u2019de Kafkasya\u2019da Sovyet egemenli\u011finin kesin olarak kurulmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, 4 \u00f6zerk Adige biriminde (Kabardey, \u00c7erkesya, Adigey ve Shapsughya) ve \u00fc\u00e7 edebiyat dilinde (Kabardey, Adige ve Shapsugh) Adigece e\u011fitime ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Devleti topraklar\u0131nda da yer yer Adigece e\u011fitim ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re Adigece Mevlit <\/strong>Shapsughca olarak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f, Kabardeyce\u2019nin yo\u011fun olarak konu\u015fuldu\u011fu yerler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Shapsughca bir yaz\u0131 ve ibadet dili yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde, yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yerler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Shapsughca\u2019n\u0131n h\u0131zla yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6b\u00fcr Adige leh\u00e7elerini \u00f6z\u00fcmledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. K\u00f6y okullar\u0131nda ve camilerde Arap harflerinden haz\u0131rlanan alfabe kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Latin alfabesi ise \u0130stanbul Be\u015fikta\u015f\u2019taki \u201c\u00c7erkes Numune Mektebi\u201d\u00a0 ve baz\u0131 yay\u0131nlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Adigece e\u011fitim, daha sonra cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Diaspora\u2019da Frans\u0131z Manda y\u00f6netimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Suriye Adigelerinin Frans\u0131z harfleriyle haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f bir alfabeleri vard\u0131 ve okullarda okutuluyordu. Arap y\u00f6netimi ile birlikte Adigece e\u011fitime son verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    \u0130srail Adigeleri (bir belde ve bir k\u00f6y, toplam 4 bin ki\u015fi) devlet okullar\u0131nda ve baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flarda haftada 2 ders saati tutar\u0131nda Adigece e\u011fitim almaktad\u0131rlar. \u0130srail Adigelerinin radyo internet yay\u0131nlar\u0131 da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Yugoslavya (Kosova) Adigeleri de (350 ki\u015fi), Adigey\u2019e d\u00f6nmeden \u00f6nce Adigece e\u011fitim g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Adigece \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019de bir \u00f6zel okulda ikinci bir se\u00e7meli ders stat\u00fcs\u00fcyle okutulabilmektedir, devlet okullar\u0131nda ise okutulmamaktad\u0131r. \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019de NART TV<\/strong> adl\u0131 bir uydu yay\u0131n\u0131 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye ve di\u011fer diaspora \u00fclkelerinde, kurslar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Adigece e\u011fitim verilememektedir. Bu arada Shapsughca\u2019n\u0131n da 1945 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri Kafkasya\u2019da kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmeliyiz.<\/p>\n

    AD\u0130GE D\u0130L\u0130N\u0130N \u00c7E\u015e\u0130TL\u0130 \u00dcLKELERDEK\u0130\u00a0 TEMS\u0130L DURUMU<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Yukar\u0131daki a\u00e7\u0131klamalardan anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, Shapsugh Adigece’si<\/strong>, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 1923 y\u0131l\u0131na de\u011fin, Kabardeyler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Adigeleri aras\u0131nda bir yaz\u0131 ve ibadet dili olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

    1923’ten sonra, rejimin yasaklamas\u0131 nedeniyle, Adigece bir yaz\u0131 (bas\u0131n) ve okul dili olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, sadece bir konu\u015fma, gizli bir e\u011fitim (k\u00f6ylerdeki hoca okullar\u0131nda) ve ibadet dili olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    Adigece yay\u0131n 1960’lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, kitap\u00e7\u0131k, kaset ve plaklar bi\u00e7iminde yeniden belirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu geli\u015fme 12 Mart 1971 fa\u015fist darbesiyle bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 fa\u015fist darbesi gelmi\u015f, berbat bir ortam olu\u015fmu\u015f, daha sonra, \u00f6zellikle Ecevit<\/strong> ve Erdo\u011fan<\/strong> h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri d\u00f6nemlerinde, demokratikle\u015fmeler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yeniden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u00f6rne\u011fin CircassianCanada<\/strong> internet sitesi Adigece ve di\u011fer Kafkas dillerinde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131lara, bir\u00e7ok site de \u00f6yk\u00fc, roman, m\u00fczik ve \u015fark\u0131lara yer vermektedir.<\/p>\n

    Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Adigece s\u00f6zl\u00fck, gramer, \u015fark\u0131, \u00f6yk\u00fc ve masal derlemeleri, vb yap\u0131l\u0131p yay\u0131nlanmakta, g\u00f6stermelik de olsa Kabardeyce Radyo-TV yay\u0131n\u0131 da verilmektedir. (Per\u015fembe g\u00fcnleri, saat 6. 30 Radyo-1; saat 7:30 TV-3) \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019de Adigece NART-TV yay\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u0130srail Adigelerinin zaten yay\u0131nlar\u0131 ve se\u00e7meli ders d\u00fczeyinde anadilinde e\u011fitimi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Kafkasya\u2019da da s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekte bir RADYO-TV yay\u0131n\u0131 vard\u0131r. Kabardey-Balkarya\u2019dan uydudan test yay\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Ancak Yeltsin d\u00f6neminden beri, ter\u00f6rizmle m\u00fccadele ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler hayli k\u0131s\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Adigece Rusya\u2019da 1920 \u00f6ncesinde okullarda iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak okutulan se\u00e7meli bir ders idi. 1920 y\u0131l\u0131 ya da Sovyet iktidar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ile birlikte, di\u011fer Sovyet halklar\u0131 dilleri gibi, Adigece de (Adige\/Kabardey, Adige\/K\u2019emguy ve Adige\/Shapsugh leh\u00e7elerinde) e\u011fitim m\u00fcfredat\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve resmi dil (diller)\u00a0 kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Adigece 1920-24 aras\u0131nda Arap harflerini kullanm\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Kabardeyler, 1927’de de Adige ve Shapsughlar Latin alfabesine ge\u00e7i\u015f yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 1936’da Kabardeyler, 1937’de de Adige ve Shapsughlar halen kullan\u0131lan Kiril (Rus) alfabesini kullanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00a0(Bu arada b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Sovyet halklar\u0131n\u0131n alfabeleri Kirile d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, Shapsugh yaz\u0131s\u0131 ise 1945 y\u0131l\u0131na de\u011fin s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu konuda bir bilgi eksikli\u011fi vard\u0131r.)<\/p>\n

    SOVYETLER D\u00d6NEM\u0130NDE VE SONRASINDA\u00a0 D\u0130L VE E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M POL\u0130T\u0130KALARI<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1977 Brejnev d\u00f6nemi Sovyet Anayasa’<\/strong>na de\u011fin, ikiye<\/strong> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olan Adige yaz\u0131 dilleri (Kabardey<\/strong> ve Adige\/K\u2019emguy<\/strong>), ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde de olsa birer resmi dil say\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. 1977 Brejnev d\u00f6nemi Anayasas\u0131 ise, resmi dil kavram\u0131na yer vermemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Kru\u015f\u00e7ev <\/strong>d\u00f6neminde, Stalin d\u00f6neminden de berbat bir yol se\u00e7ilmi\u015f,
    \n1958-1960 y\u0131llar\u0131nda hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck halklar\u0131n, bu arada Adigelerin anadili e\u011fitimi ya tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ya da baz\u0131 k\u00f6y okullar\u0131nda tek derse (gramer-edebiyat dersi) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Rusla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131na, kolonizasyon yoluyla da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir destek sa\u011fland\u0131. Bu da \u201ckom\u00fcnist\u201d \u015fefler olarak tan\u0131nan Kru\u015f\u00e7ev<\/strong> ve Brejnev<\/strong> gibi ki\u015filerin asl\u0131nda Rus milliyet\u00e7ileri<\/strong> olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

    Kru\u015f\u00e7ev\u2019i izleyen Brejnev d\u00f6nemi anayasas\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u00a0\u201cb\u00fct\u00fcn Sovyet dilleri e\u015fitti ya da e\u015fit hakl\u0131yd\u0131. Yine de Sovyet d\u0131\u015f propagandas\u0131 gere\u011fi Maykop, \u015eerceskale<\/strong> (\u00c7erkessk) ve Nal\u00e7ik<\/strong>‘te Adigece ve Kabardeyce birer gazete ve dergi yay\u0131nlan\u0131yor, kitaplar bas\u0131l\u0131yor, ara s\u0131ra Radyo yay\u0131nlar\u0131 da veriliyordu. Vitrin s\u00fcslenmi\u015fti, ama ma\u011fazan\u0131n i\u00e7i, \u015fimdilerde oldu\u011fu gibi bo\u015ftu, her \u015fey k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131na uyduruluyor, d\u00fcnya kand\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen ziyaret\u00e7ilere m\u00fckellef sofralar kuruluyor, dans, \u015fark\u0131 ve tiyatro temsilleri sunuluyor, bir programa g\u00f6re \u00f6ncesinden belirlenmi\u015f yerler gezdiriliyordu. Bu gezilere kat\u0131lan bir tan\u0131d\u0131k, sorulan her yere \u201cgittik\u201d diyormu\u015f, \u201dPeki, O\u015fhamaho\u2019da ne g\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u201d gibisine sorulan her soruya, \u201cBir i\u00e7tih, bir i\u00e7tih\u201d diye yan\u0131tlar veriyormu\u015f. Anla\u015f\u0131lan bu delikanl\u0131m\u0131z yiyip i\u00e7mekten bir \u015fey g\u00f6rememi\u015fti ve \u00e7ok g\u00fczel de uyutulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

    Okunsun okunmas\u0131n rejimi \u00f6ven her kitap, gazete ve dergi i\u00e7in yazarlara para \u00f6deniyor, susmalar\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

    Bir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek: Yarg\u0131laman\u0131n bir cumhuriyet, \u00f6zerk oblast ya da \u00f6zerk okrug dilinde ya da o yerde konu\u015fan dilde yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 bir anayasa h\u00fckm\u00fcyd\u00fc<\/strong>. Ancak Rus\u00e7a d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, s\u00f6zgeli\u015fi \u00f6zerk birimler dillerine bu h\u00fck\u00fcm uygulanm\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

    G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de yerel cumhuriyet parlamentolarda, \u00a0yerel dillerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 serbesttir, ama her nedense 17 y\u0131ldan beri hi\u00e7bir yerel parlamentoda tek bir \u00fcye olsun Adigece bir konu\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. Ku\u015fkusuz buna izin verilmiyor olmal\u0131, yoksa gerisi gelebilir. Nasreddin Hoca\u2019n\u0131n sakal \u00f6rne\u011findeki gibi: Hoca ocak ate\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda p\u00f6stekisine uzanm\u0131\u015f yat\u0131yormu\u015f, bu s\u0131rada farenin biri sakal\u0131n\u0131 yalay\u0131p ge\u00e7mi\u015f. Hoca durmadan sakal\u0131n\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p duruyormu\u015f. Bunu g\u00f6ren kar\u0131s\u0131, \u201cHoca, kayg\u0131lanma, fare sakal\u0131nda de\u011fil, gitti\u201d demi\u015f. Hoca da \u201cGitmesine gitti\u011fini ben de biliyorum ama yol olmas\u0131ndan kayg\u0131lan\u0131yorum\u201d demi\u015f.<\/p>\n

    Rus\u2019un kayg\u0131s\u0131 da \u00f6yle bir \u015fey olmal\u0131. <\/p>\n

    D\u0130L POL\u0130T\u0130KALARI<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Sovyetler Birli\u011fi d\u00f6nemindeki dil politikalar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklik ve uygulamalar\u0131, \u00f6zetle \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz:<\/p>\n

    1) Lenin d\u00f6nemi<\/strong>: 1917-1924 y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan, B\u00fcy\u00fck Rus ulus milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin<\/strong> (yani Rus gericili\u011finin) bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topluluklara koruyucu ve destekleyici kararlarla yakla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ok say\u0131da cumhuriyet, \u00f6zerk oblast, ulusal okrug, ulusal rayon birimi, vb olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede Adigeler i\u00e7in de<\/strong> 4 \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netim birimi<\/strong> (Kabardey, \u00c7erkesya, Adigey ve Shapsughya) ve 3 edebiyat dili olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu<\/strong> (Kabardey-\u015eerces, Adige ve Shapsugh). Adigece \u00fczerindeki her t\u00fcr\u00fc ulusal ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci bask\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Lenin<\/strong> \u00f6zetle \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ulus ve halklara ve bunlar\u0131n dillerine b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn aleyhine olacak bi\u00e7imde daha fazla haklar tan\u0131nmal\u0131 ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dillerin kullan\u0131m\u0131 ciddi bi\u00e7imde desteklenmelidir. B\u00f6ylece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckler aleyhine zaten var olan e\u015fitsizlik bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de olsa dengelenebilir ve bu y\u00f6ntemle e\u015fitlik sa\u011flanabilir.<\/p>\n

    <\/strong>Lenin d\u00f6neminde toplumda gelecek umudu ve demokratik bir atmosfer vard\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve ayd\u0131nlar yerel meclisler (Sovyetler) yoluyla y\u00f6netimde etkili ve s\u00f6z sahibi idiler, devrimi inan\u00e7la ve silahla savunuyor ve \u00fcretime de var g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle kat\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu sayede Sovyetler onca i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelmi\u015flerdi. Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki milliyet\u00e7i (Kemalist) hareketi de ba\u015far\u0131ya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7ekte desteklemi\u015flerdi. Yerel birimlerde yerel dillerde bas\u0131n, kamu ya\u015fam\u0131 ve okul e\u011fitimi bulunuyordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck Shapsugh rayonu\u2019nda<\/strong> (1924-1945)\u00a0 Shapsughca (\u0428\u0430\u043f\u0441\u044b\u0433\u044a\u0430\u0431\u0437\u044d) gazete yay\u0131nlan\u0131yor, anadilinde okul e\u011fitimi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve radyo yay\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

    2)<\/strong> Stalin<\/strong> d\u00f6nemi<\/strong>: 1924-1953 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki Stalin d\u00f6neminde, i\u015f\u00e7i, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve ayd\u0131n kitlesi y\u00f6netimden d\u0131\u015fland\u0131. Meclisler (Sovyetler) parti g\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fcnde onay makamlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler. \u015eef (Stalin) ve adamlar\u0131 ne derse o oluyordu. Yetkiler b\u00fcrokrasinin (polis, asker, yarg\u0131 ve sivil b\u00fcrokrasinin) elinde topland\u0131. Aynen Almanya (Hitler), \u0130talya (Musolini), T\u00fcrkiye (\u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc), \u0130spanya (Franko), Portekiz (Salazar) ve benzeri yerlerde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n

    Ancak az\u0131nl\u0131klar Rus\u00e7a’y\u0131 bilmedikleri ve \u201cdevrimci g\u00f6r\u00fcnme kayg\u0131s\u0131yla\u201d, yerel diller kullan\u0131labiliyordu. O d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u015eef\u2019in \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde G\u00fcne\u015f-dil Teorisi<\/strong> t\u00fcretilmi\u015fti, buna g\u00f6re uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve dillerin k\u00f6keni T\u00fcrklere ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye dayan\u0131yordu. <\/strong>Yar\u0131\u015fmada Stalin ise, T\u00fcrk meslekta\u015flar\u0131ndan \u201cfarkl\u0131\u201d bir yol tutturuyor, b\u00fct\u00fcn dillerin g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde, Rus\u00e7a de\u011fil de, Rus\u00e7adan ve bir\u00e7ok dilden yararlanacak daha \u00fcst \u00a0bir d\u00fcnya dilinde birle\u015fece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor, o g\u00fcne de\u011fin de, bir alt ge\u00e7i\u015f dili olarak\u00a0 Rus\u00e7an\u0131n Sovyetler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00a0birle\u015ftirici bir dil olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini \u201cbenimsetmeye\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Hitler ise sadece dile de\u011fil, \u00a0\u0131rka da \u00f6ncelik veriyor, Ari \u0131rk\u0131 <\/strong>(Alman-Germen \u0131rk\u0131) i\u00e7in bin y\u0131ll\u0131k bir \u201cgelecek\u201d haz\u0131rlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Do\u011fu\u2019ya (Sovyetlere) do\u011fru yay\u0131lmay\u0131 (yani sava\u015f\u0131) hedef olarak g\u00f6steriyor, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ve pis \u0131rklardan (Yahudi, Roman\/\u00c7ingene, vb) yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc temizlemenin bir g\u00f6rev oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yordu. Musolini de eski Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu yeniden diriltme u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 veriyor, zavall\u0131 Afrika \u00fclkesi Etiyopya\u2019ya<\/strong>\u00a0 (Habe\u015fistan\u2019a) zehirli gaz att\u0131r\u0131yordu. Garibim Arnavutluk<\/strong>\u2019u istila ediyor, Yunanistan<\/strong>\u2019dan ise beklenmedik bir tekme yiyordu.<\/p>\n

    Stalin d\u00f6neminde din, dil ve geleneklere kar\u015f\u0131 amans\u0131z bir sava\u015f a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve hayli mesafe de al\u0131nd\u0131. Ulusal yap\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131, i\u00e7ki belas\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Almanlarla sava\u015fta (1941-1945) Adigey ve Shapsughya Adige erkek n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (50 bin n\u00fcfusun 15 ya da 17 bini ya da n\u00fcfusun yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te biri), kad\u0131nlar dul, \u00e7ocuklar babas\u0131z ve korunmas\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu da Adigeleri kolay bir av haline getirdi. Bu arada 10 Sovyet halk\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131ndan toplu bir bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f (etnik temizlik), Shapsughlar da aralar\u0131nda olmak \u00fczere 50 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Sovyet halk\u0131na zul\u00fcm uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>. \u00a0Bu berbat duruma kar\u015f\u0131n, yine de sava\u015f sonu yeti\u015fen Adige gen\u00e7leri, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de olsa geleneklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Adige, \u015eerces<\/strong> ve Kabardey<\/strong> b\u00f6lgeleri Adige yazar ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, o g\u00fcnlerde do\u011fmu\u015f olan sava\u015f ve k\u0131tl\u0131k d\u00f6neminin ac\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    3) Kru\u015f\u00e7ev<\/strong> ve Brejnev d\u00f6nemleri<\/strong>: 1953\u2019ten 1964 y\u0131l\u0131na de\u011fin s\u00fcren Kru\u015f\u00e7ev <\/strong>d\u00f6neminde, bir \u00f6ncekinin kat\u0131 Stalinizm\u2019i, d\u00fczmece yarg\u0131, siyasal infazlar\u0131 ve ter\u00f6r sona erdirildi, 5 halk \u00fczerindeki s\u00fcrg\u00fcn cezas\u0131 da kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve haklar\u0131 iade edildi: Kara\u00e7ay, Balkar, \u00c7e\u00e7en, \u0130ngu\u015f<\/strong> ve Kalm\u0131k<\/strong>. Ancak s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde olan ya da bask\u0131 uygulanan di\u011fer 45 halk\u0131n<\/strong> (ve bu arada Shapsughlar\u0131n)\u00a0 durumlar\u0131nda bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik (iyile\u015ftirme) yap\u0131lmad\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Bu k\u0131smi yumu\u015famaya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Rusluk <\/strong>(imparatorluk) hayalleri canl\u0131 tutuluyordu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Stalin\u2019den beri Sovyetlerde Rus milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi fiilen bir devlet ideolojisi getirilmi\u015fti: Ruslar b\u00fcy\u00fck birader (a\u011fabey ulus), di\u011ferleri de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck biraderler idiler<\/strong>. Herkes b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn (a\u011fabeyin) s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc dinlemeli ve onu \u00f6rnek almal\u0131yd\u0131. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, devlet taraf\u0131ndan ulusal b\u00f6lgelere, \u201dkalk\u0131nd\u0131rma ve kalk\u0131nmaya destek ama\u00e7l\u0131\u201d Rus yerle\u015fimciler g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp yerle\u015ftirildiler. Bunlar i\u00e7in konutlar yap\u0131ld\u0131, milyarlarca Ruble para kolonizasyon u\u011fruna harcand\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Fa\u015fist ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Portekiz de Afrika Mozambik<\/strong>\u2019te 1 milyon beyaz g\u00f6\u00e7menin<\/strong> yerle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir baraj in\u015fa etmi\u015fti. Onun gibi bir \u015feydi Ruslar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu gibi \u015feyler de. Gerek\u00e7esi de \u00e7ok \u201cm\u00fckemmeldi\u201d: Buralardaki bo\u015f arazi ve otlaklar\u0131n tar\u0131ma kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, b\u00f6ylece refah d\u00fczeyinin y\u00fckseltilmesi ve Sovyet ekonomisinin her alanda g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi idi. Kentlere yerle\u015fen Ruslar ise, oralara \u201cuygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kent k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d g\u00f6t\u00fcreceklerdi. Ulusal b\u00f6lgelerin kentleri, giderek Rus kentlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak tar\u0131msal alanda tam bir ekonomik iflasla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, da\u011f fare do\u011furmu\u015f, milyarlarca Ruble ziyan edilmi\u015f oldu. Kru\u015f\u00e7ev ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bulunarak, emekli edildi. Ancak tar\u0131mdaki bu iflas, Rus \u201cgelene\u011fine\u201d\u00a0 ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131narak kamuoyundan gizlendi. Ekonomik iflasa kar\u015f\u0131n, Rus olmayan b\u00f6lgelerin ve bu arada Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu yerlerinin Rus yerle\u015fimcilerle doldurulmas\u0131 program\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamland\u0131. Bir\u00e7ok ulusal cumhuriyet ve ulusal b\u00f6lgede (region), yerliler art\u0131k az\u0131nl\u0131k durumuna d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, denetim Ruslara ge\u00e7mi\u015fti: Kazakistan, \u00a0K\u0131rg\u0131zistan, Yakut, Buryat, Ba\u015fk\u0131rt, Hakas, Altay, Kuzey Osetya, Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya, Adigey ve daha ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok yerde. Ancak yap\u0131lan onca i\u015f ve d\u00f6k\u00fclen onca para, Mozambik\u2019te beyaz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilere kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, buralarda da, kime niyet kime k\u0131smet Ruslara kalmayacakt\u0131. Birli\u011fi olu\u015fturan ve Rus bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda inleyen 14 cumhuriyet sonunda Rusya\u2019dan kopacakt\u0131. (1991)<\/p>\n

    1964-1982 y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan Brejnev d\u00f6neminde demokratik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc yeni bir anayasa haz\u0131rland\u0131. (1977) \u00a0Ancak anayasa lastikli ifadelerle doluydu. Bu ifadelerin Rusla\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde uygulamaya konmas\u0131yla, yukar\u0131da de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi, anadilinde e\u011fitim kent ve beldelerden kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, baz\u0131 k\u00f6ylerde ise, tek ders (haftada bir ya da iki ders saati) bi\u00e7iminde b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131, buna anayasal gerek de vard\u0131, ayr\u0131ca anadili \u00e7ocuklara Rus\u00e7a\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretilmesinde bir yard\u0131mc\u0131 ders olma i\u015flevi de g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ulusal b\u00f6lgelerde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar genellikle Rus\u00e7a bilmiyorlard\u0131, televizyon ve elektrik gibi \u015feyler hen\u00fcz k\u00f6ylere tam ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Bu arada stratejik \u00f6nemdeki Adige m\u00fczi\u011fi devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131<\/strong>. M\u00fczik, okuldan at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve kendi haline terk edilmi\u015f bi\u00e7imde, folklorik nitelikte ve s\u0131radan bir dans m\u00fczi\u011fi (s\u00f6zs\u00fcz m\u00fczik) d\u00fczeyine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve danslar da Rus danslar\u0131na (Kazaska) benzetildi. Bunlar okul d\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelerdi ve toplumun \u00e7o\u011funu kapsam\u0131yordu. \u00a0<\/strong>B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar Rusla\u015ft\u0131rma program\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda usta ellerce sahneye konuyordu. Okul kayna\u011f\u0131 kurutuldu\u011fundan, 50 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir zaman dilimi i\u00e7inde halk ulusal m\u00fczi\u011finden kopart\u0131ld\u0131 ve ulusun ruhu \u00e7al\u0131nd\u0131. <\/strong>\u015eimdiki c\u0131l\u0131z s\u00f6zl\u00fc m\u00fczik ise, daha \u00e7ok Rus m\u00fczi\u011finin bir kopyas\u0131 bi\u00e7imindedir ve bu nedenle diasporada tutulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Alk\u0131\u015flama vard\u0131r ama bu bir Adige nezaketi gere\u011fidir. \u00c7epay Murat<\/strong> ve Aslan Derbe<\/strong> gibi yeteneklerin ad\u0131 ve san\u0131 kay\u0131plara kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Diasporaya kopyalar ve ba\u011f\u0131ranlar g\u00f6nderilmektedir. Kafkasya\u2019dan gelme ekip danslar\u0131 da birbirinin kopyas\u0131 ve bir elden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlenimi veren Sovyetik danslardan ba\u015fkas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ama\u00e7 uyutma oldu\u011fundan, tekrarlarla yetinilmekte, bir geli\u015ftirme durumu ya\u015fanmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Buna kar\u015f\u0131n M. Kemalpa\u015fa il\u00e7esinin Karaorman<\/strong> k\u00f6y\u00fcnde d\u00fczenlenen 2008 y\u0131l\u0131 G\u00fcney Marmara Kafkas \u015e\u00f6leni <\/strong>s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle Band\u0131rma J\u00f6\u011fobz\u0131y (\u0416\u044a\u043e\u0433\u044a\u043e\u0431\u0437\u044b\u0439) ekiplerinin \u00e7ocuk oyunlar\u0131n\u0131 canland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 ve Nart sava\u015f danslar\u0131n\u0131 sahnelemeyi ba\u015fararak program\u0131 yarat\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6nlerden katk\u0131lar\u0131yla zenginle\u015ftirdikleri, D\u00fczce, ayr\u0131ca Bursa, Blane grubu, G\u00f6nen ve di\u011fer kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 ekiplerin de \u015fahane oyunlar \u00e7\u0131karabildikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr<\/strong>. Bu ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019daki benzerlerinden geri kal\u0131r yer yoktur. \u015e\u00f6leni ak\u015fam saat 20:00\u2019den gece yar\u0131lar\u0131na de\u011fin 5 binin \u00fczerinde her ya\u015ftan, \u00e7ocuklar dahil bir kitlenin co\u015fkuyla ve ilgiyle izlemi\u015f olmas\u0131 da olu\u015fan be\u011feniyi ve ulusal ruhun dirili\u011fini ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermi\u015ftir. Bu, ayn\u0131 zamanda halk\u0131n ruhunun hen\u00fcz \u00e7al\u0131namam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funun da bir i\u015faretidir. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, bu t\u00fcr folklor programlar\u0131nda yerel m\u00fczik, \u015fark\u0131 ve danslara (tleper\u00fc\u015f\/\u043b\u044a\u044d\u043f\u044d\u0440\u044b\u0448\u044a\u0443) \u00e7ok az yer verilmektedir, bu \u00e7ok hatal\u0131 durumun da acilen d\u00fczeltilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n

    Son s\u00f6z olarak, Brejnev d\u00f6nemi de bir Rusla\u015ft\u0131rma<\/strong> d\u00f6nemi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    4) Gorba\u00e7ov<\/strong> d\u00f6nemi<\/strong>: Gorba\u00e7ov Kafkasyal\u0131 demokrat bir Rus\u2019tur ve Kafkasyal\u0131 (Kabardey) dostu Andropov<\/strong>\u2019un ard\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. 1985-1991 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan Gorba\u00e7ov d\u00f6nemi, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00a0bir d\u00f6nemdir<\/strong>. Bu d\u00f6nemde m\u00fczik<\/strong> ve matematik<\/strong> dersleri de dahil ilkokul e\u011fitimi<\/strong> (1-4 s\u0131n\u0131flar) yeniden ve b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle anadilinde<\/strong> verilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131<\/strong>. Halklar \u00fczerindeki prangalar kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ya da gev\u015fetildi, \u00e7ok partili bir demokrasiye de ge\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n

    5) Yeltsin d\u00f6nemi: <\/strong>1991 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 1999 y\u0131l\u0131 sonuna de\u011fin uzayan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, Yeltsin vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu s\u00f6zleri bir bir \u00e7i\u011fnedi. Gorba\u00e7ov \u00f6ncesinin Rusla\u015ft\u0131rma<\/strong> politikalar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yap\u0131ld\u0131. Anadili e\u011fitimi se\u00e7meli tek bir ders d\u00fczeyine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc (okul ve s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmek \u00fczere haftada 1 ile 4 ders saati tutar\u0131nda). Ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Adigece m\u00fczik e\u011fitimi de kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, yerine Rus m\u00fczi\u011fi kondu. B\u00f6ylece ulusun ruhu \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131 ama\u00e7land\u0131. <\/strong>Bu arada Adigey Cumhuriyeti (AC) topraklar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Rus n\u00fcfusu \u00a0da (155 bin 400 ki\u015fi) getirilip yerle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n

    6)<\/strong> Putin d\u00f6nemi:<\/strong> Bu d\u00f6nemde petrol<\/strong> ve do\u011falgaz<\/strong> sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 gelirleriyle ekonomi canlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu gelirler b\u00f6lgelere ve halka \u00e7ok az bir oranda yans\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, para merkezde (Moskova\u2019da) ve zenginlerin kasalar\u0131nda biriktirilmi\u015ftir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Rusya\u2019da varolan \u00e7ifte standart<\/strong> iyice belirgin hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    \u015e\u00f6yle ki; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturan yoksul kesim bir kentten \u00f6tekine, dahas\u0131 baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n cenazesine bile gidemiyor. Say\u0131ca \u00e7ok daha az olan orta halliler ise, taksitle ve banka kredisiyle ya da bir \u015feylerini (arsa, tarla gibi) satarak ev ve otomobil alabiliyor ya da tatile \u00e7\u0131kabiliyor. Az\u0131nl\u0131ktaki zenginler ise ceplerinde pasaportlar\u0131 istedikleri an d\u00fcnyay\u0131 turlayabiliyor ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7kin \u0130ngiliz okullar\u0131nda okutabiliyorlar.<\/p>\n

    Rusya\u2019da ise orta halli kesim silinmi\u015f, sadece iki kesim kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturan emek\u00e7i kesimin hali bitiktir: G\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fccretler 2 YTL, ayl\u0131k gelirler de 60 YTL dolay\u0131ndad\u0131r. (\u00dccret y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yoksul bir Afrika ve Asya\/Banglade\u015f standard\u0131.) Bu nedenle sadece T\u00fcrk memuru de\u011fil, Rus memuru da i\u015fini bilmek durumundad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131, bir Rus\u2019tan \u00e7ok daha fazla kazanabilmektedir: G\u00fcnde 25-50 YTL, ayda da 500-1.000 YTL ve \u00fczeri. Rus yoksullar\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 T\u00fcrk benzerleri gibi, \u00fclke i\u00e7inde hapis durumundad\u0131r. Adigeler de \u00f6yledir. Ta\u015flar Moskova\u2019dan ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yerel y\u00f6netimler k\u0131m\u0131ldayamaz konumlara d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Durum b\u00f6yle oldu\u011fu halde, s\u0131radan bir Rus ya da T\u00fcrk, hala \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n<\/strong> kendisine<\/strong> hayran olmas\u0131n\u0131\u201d<\/strong> bekliyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6yle ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7etin Altan<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n \u201cT\u00fcrk\u2019e T\u00fcrk propagandas\u0131\u201d<\/strong> i\u015fe yar\u0131yor anla\u015f\u0131lan. \u201dT\u00fcrk\u2019e T\u00fcrk propagandas\u0131n\u0131\u201d iplemeyen Rus zenginleri, \u00f6tekiler gibi ahmak de\u011fildir, dahas\u0131 T\u00fcrk benzerlerine ta\u015f \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131yorlar. Bunlar\u0131n Akdeniz sahillerinde (T\u00fcrkiye, Fransa, vb) yazl\u0131klar\u0131, turistik otel ve ma\u011fazalar\u0131 var, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 da \u0130ngiliz okullar\u0131nda okutabiliyorlar.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcm bu olumsuzluklara kar\u015f\u0131n Putin<\/strong>, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan Adigey Cumhuriyeti<\/strong>\u2019nin yok edilmesi i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan kampanyaya destek vermeyerek ve 2002 sel felaketi \u00fczerine Adigelere b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yard\u0131m sa\u011flayarak, diasporadaki Adigelerin de g\u00f6nl\u00fcn\u00fc kazanmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca 2014 K\u0131\u015f Olimpiyatlar\u0131’n\u0131n \u015e\u2019a\u00e7e\/So\u00e7i\u2019de yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> da ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece terk edilmi\u015f ve unutulmu\u015f eski Adige topraklar\u0131n\u0131 yeni bir ya\u015fama kavu\u015fturma do\u011frultusunda ad\u0131mlar atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Ancak Adigey\u2019de Adigece\u2019nin Adige k\u00f6kenli \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in zorunlu bir e\u011fitim dili olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan 2006 tarihli AC E\u011fitim Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n<\/strong> iptal edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, Putin d\u00f6neminin eksilerinden biridir. Hemen ard\u0131ndan, 2007-2008 e\u011fitim-\u00f6\u011fretim y\u0131l\u0131nda Kabardey-Balkarya\u2019da<\/strong>, 20 kadar okulun birinci s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131nda derslerin Kabardey-\u00c7erkes ve Kara\u00e7ay-Balkar dillerinde okutulmas\u0131 do\u011frultusunda bir \u00f6n ad\u0131m at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, Adigey\u2019de yeni bir dil politikas\u0131 aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n belirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Putin, \u0131rk, din, dil ve milliyet ayr\u0131m\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n herkesin e\u015fit olaca\u011f\u0131 bir Demokratik Rusya<\/strong> vaadinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu vaat \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f normlara da uygundur. Ancak vaat (Ortak Evimiz Rusya Projesi) hen\u00fcz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f de de\u011fildir. (Rusya\u2019da iktidar i\u00e7inde demokrasiyi frenleyen bir muhalefetin bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.)<\/p>\n

    Yeni Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Medvedev<\/strong>\u2019in Putin\u2019e tam destek vermesi durumunda demokratikle\u015fme yolunda mesafe al\u0131nabilir. <\/p>\n

    AD\u0130GECE\u2019N\u0130N \u015e\u0130MD\u0130K\u0130 DURUMU<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Adigece Adigey\u2019de, Kabardey-\u00c7erkesce de Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya ve Kabardey-Balkarya\u2019da birer resmi dildir. Rusya Federasyonu (RF) Anayasas\u0131’na g\u00f6re, RF b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcnde ge\u00e7erli olan resmi dil sadece Rus\u00e7a’d\u0131r ve herkes bu dilde e\u011fitim almaktad\u0131r. RF\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 21 cumhuriyet, 1 \u00f6zerk oblast <\/strong>(Do\u011fu Sibirya\u2019daki Yahudi \u00d6zerk Oblast\u0131) ve 10 \u00f6zerk okrug<\/strong>\u2019a ait diller de Rus\u00e7a\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda resmi dil say\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. RF\u2019nda ilkin 38 olan resmi dil say\u0131s\u0131, 2008 y\u0131l\u0131 ve \u00f6ncesinde 6 \u00f6zerk okrugun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla, \u015fimdilerde 27\u2019ye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Temmuz 2008). Bilindi\u011fi gibi baz\u0131 okruglar\u0131n birden \u00e7ok resmi dili vard\u0131. Okruglar\u0131n tasfiyesi s\u00fcreci ise, hen\u00fcz tamamlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Adigece ve Kabardeyce, bug\u00fcn okullarda haftada 1 ile 4 ders saati aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmek \u00fczere se\u00e7meli ders olarak okutulabilmektedir. Ancak yarat\u0131lan olumsuz atmosfer nedeniyle Adigece\u2019den Rus\u00e7a\u2019ya do\u011fru bir kay\u0131\u015f (y\u00f6nelme) vard\u0131r. Kabardey-Balkarya<\/strong>\u2019da anadili yanl\u0131s\u0131 giri\u015fimler s\u00f6z konusu iken, Adigey<\/strong> ve Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya<\/strong>\u2019da hen\u00fcz bir hareketlilik g\u00f6r\u00fclmemektedir.<\/p>\n

    Cumhuriyetlerde yaz\u0131\u015fma dili Rus\u00e7a’d\u0131r. Rusya\u2019da 1991 ve 1992 y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck atmosferi kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Adigece\u2019ye ve Kabardeyce\u2019ye \u00e7ok say\u0131da Rus\u00e7a s\u00f6zc\u00fck ve terim sokulmu\u015ftur ve sokulmaya da devam edilmektedir. Kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlemler vard\u0131r, bunlar yerel y\u00f6netimlerce engellenmemeli, aksine desteklenmelidir.<\/p>\n

    Adigece ve di\u011fer yerel diller ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde geni\u015f hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere sahiptirler. \u00d6rne\u011fin cumhuriyetler kendi istekleriyle RF i\u00e7inde yer alm\u0131\u015f \u201cegemen\u201d devletler olarak tan\u0131t\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak yukar\u0131larda da belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, temel politika, yine de Rusla\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131r. Bu alanda hayli mesafe al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u0130\u015fin buras\u0131nda Rus y\u00f6neticilerin unuttu\u011fu \u00a0\u015fey, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n art\u0131k demokrasiye do\u011fru gitmekte, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ve gerici siyasetlerin a\u015f\u0131lmakta oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fidir. Bir halk\u0131n daha zay\u0131f olan bir ba\u015fka halk \u00fczerindeki\u00a0 bask\u0131 politikalar\u0131 art\u0131k d\u00fcnyadan destek bulamamaktad\u0131r. Rus politikas\u0131 Kosova\u2019da iflas etmi\u015ftir. <\/strong> Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte gerici politikalar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkeleri (\u0130ngiltere, Fransa, vb)\u00a0 ve ABD desteklemekteydi. ABD Ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 Clinton<\/strong> ve izleyicisi Bush\u2019un Rusya\u2019ya sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 destek sayesinde Rusla\u015ft\u0131rma siyasetine yeniden d\u00f6n\u00fclebilmi\u015ftir. ABD ve AB\u2019ni kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na alacak bir RF\u2019nun yapabilece\u011fi pek bir \u015fey yoktur. Afgan \u00f6rne\u011fi de ortadad\u0131r, yani ABD ve AB\u2019nin belirleyici \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vard\u0131r ve RF\u2019nun hareket alan\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. RF, demokrasisini ilerletmedi\u011fi takdirde, ayn\u0131 deste\u011fi Barack Obama<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n olas\u0131 ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde de alabilecek midir? Ku\u015fkulu\u2026<\/p>\n

    Bu bak\u0131mdan bizim de dikkatli olmam\u0131z, dolduru\u015flara gelmememiz ama k\u00f6t\u00fcmser de olmamam\u0131z gerekmektedir. Bu arada diaspora, RF ve onun cumhuriyetlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00e7izgilere tak\u0131l\u0131 kalmamal\u0131, kendi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7izgi ve lobilerini olu\u015fturmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dclkeler aras\u0131 ili\u015fkiler ise, i\u015fbirli\u011fi, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00fcven ve e\u015fitlik\u00e7i temeller \u00fczerinde kurulmal\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n

    AD\u0130GE D\u0130L\u0130 \u0130LE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 \u00c7ALI\u015eMA YAPAN KURULU\u015eLAR<\/p>\n

    <\/strong> Daha yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Rusya Federasyonu’nda (RF) Adigece ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar devlet kurulu\u015flar\u0131nca ya da devlet deste\u011fiyle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

    RF’nda Adige dili \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bulunan baz\u0131 resmi kurulu\u015flar vard\u0131r. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6ylesine s\u0131raland\u0131rabiliriz:<\/p>\n

    1) <\/strong>Moskova’da RF Bilimler Akademisi’ne ba\u011fl\u0131 Dilbilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn Kafkas Dilleri B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong>‘nde Adige dilinin b\u00fct\u00fcn leh\u00e7eleri ve edebiyat dilleri (Adige, Kabardey) incelenmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca St. Petersburg<\/strong>‘da da benzeri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmektedir. <\/p>\n

    2<\/strong>) <\/strong> Nal\u00e7ik’de Kabardey-Balkarya Devlet \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong>‘nin ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde ve Kabardey-Balkarya Sosyal Bilimler Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong>‘nde, Adige dili leh\u00e7eleri, \u00f6zellikle Do\u011fu Adigece ya da Kabardey dili leh\u00e7eleri ve Kabardey-\u015eerces (\u00c7erkes) edebiyat dili incelenmektedir. <\/p>\n

    3) <\/strong> \u015eerceskale’de (\u00c7ekessk)\u00a0 Kabardey-Balkarya’dakine benzeyen kurulu\u015flarca Kabardey-\u015eerces dili \u00fczerine inceleme ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n

    4<\/strong>) <\/strong> Maykop’ta Adigey Devlet \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong> (AD\u00dc), Maykop Teknoloji \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong> ile Adigey Sosyal Bilimler Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong>‘n\u00fcn (eski Adige Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc) ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde Adige dilinin \u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131 leh\u00e7eleri ve Adige edebiyat dili \u00fczerine inceleme ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n

    5<\/strong>) <\/strong> K\u0131y\u0131boyu Shapsughya’n\u0131n \u015e’a\u00e7e\/So\u00e7i metropolitan alan\u0131 i\u00e7indeki Ps\u0131\u015fuape<\/strong> (\u041f\u0441\u044b\u04481\u0443\u0430\u043f\u044d\/Lazarevsk) beldesinde bulunan AD\u00dc’nin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde<\/strong> okullardaki Shapsugh \u00f6\u011frencilerin Adigece dersi \u00f6\u011fretmenleri yeti\u015ftirilmekte ve Adigece i\u015flenmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Dil ve edebiyat \u00fczerine bilimsel incelemeler, daha \u00f6nceleri bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fclerinde yap\u0131lmaktayd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Maykop ve \u015eerceskale\u2019de cumhuriyet \u00f6ncesi Adigelerin \u00fcniversiteleri yoktu. Adigece \u00f6\u011fretmenleri pedagoji (e\u011fitim) enstit\u00fclerinden mezun oluyorlard\u0131. Cumhuriyetle birlikte pedagoji enstit\u00fcleri \u00fcniversitelere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir. \u015eimdi \u00fcniversitelerin ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri dil ve edebiyat ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara kat\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar. \u00dcniversiteler \u00f6\u011fretmen ve e\u011fitim elemanlar\u0131n\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmekte, enstit\u00fcler de kadrolar\u0131n\u0131 bu elemanlardan yararlanarak olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

    Nal\u00e7ik’te O\u015fhamaho<\/strong> (1\u0443\u0430\u0449\u0445\u044c\u044d\u043c\u0430\u044a\u0443\u044d) adl\u0131 bir edebiyat dergisi (iki ayda bir yay\u0131nlan\u0131r) ile Adige Psatle <\/strong>(\u0410\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044d \u043f\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044a\u044d)\u00a0 adl\u0131 bir gazete (Cumartesi ve Pazar g\u00fcnleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, haftada 5 g\u00fcn yay\u0131nlan\u0131r) Kabardey-\u015eerces dilinde yay\u0131nlanmaktad\u0131r. \u015eerceskale<\/strong>‘de de benzeri etkinlikler bulundu\u011fu (haftada 5 g\u00fcn \u00c7erkes pej\/\u0428\u044d\u0440\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0441 \u043f\u044d\u0436<\/strong> gazetesinin yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131) s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Maykop’ta da Zeqo\u015fn\u0131\u011f<\/strong> (\u0417\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0433\u044a) adl\u0131 bir edebiyat dergisi (\u00fc\u00e7 ayda bir yay\u0131nlan\u0131r) ile Adige Mak<\/strong> (\u0410\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044d \u043c\u0430\u043a\u044a) adl\u0131 bir gazete (haftada 5 g\u00fcn yay\u0131nlan\u0131r) yay\u0131nlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Ku\u015fkusuz daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlu (rayon) yay\u0131n organlar\u0131 da vard\u0131r, ancak bunlar genellikle Rus\u00e7a yay\u0131nlanmaktad\u0131rlar. K\u0131y\u0131boyu Shapsughya \u015e\u2019a\u00e7e\u2019de (\u0428\u044a\u0430\u0447\u044d\/So\u00e7i) 10 y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcre yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f olan Shapsughya<\/strong> (\u0428\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0443\u0433\u0438\u044f) gazetesi ise kapanm\u0131\u015f, Shapsughlar<\/strong> yay\u0131ns\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Adige dillerinde olmak \u00fczere Nal\u00e7ik, \u015eerceskale<\/strong> ve Maykop<\/strong> kentlerinden k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 birer radyo-televizyon yay\u0131n\u0131 verilmektedir. Di\u011fer yay\u0131nlar da s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 s\u00fcreli olup devlet\u00e7e kat\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde denetlenmektedir. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Shapsughlar\u0131n<\/strong> (\u015e\u2019a\u00e7e ve Tuapse\u2019nin tamam\u0131nda ancak 12 bin ki\u015fidirler) ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 radyo-televizyon test yay\u0131nlar\u0131 ise, \u00a0paras\u0131zl\u0131k nedeniyle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    D\u0131\u015f \u00fclkeler olarak AB \u00fclkelerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131nda, yabanc\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131 eliyle baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu arada T\u00fcrkiye’de Jineps<\/strong> (\u0416\u044b\u043d\u044d\u043f\u0441) gazetesi (ayl\u0131k) d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Kaf-Der\u2019in yay\u0131n organ\u0131 Nart <\/strong>dergisi de (ayl\u0131k) Adigece ve di\u011fer Kafkas dilleri \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara destek vermektedirler. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z CircassianCanada<\/strong> ve Uzunyayla.com<\/strong> internet siteleri ile Kaf-Der\u2019<\/strong>in internet sitesi ve daha ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok Kafkas internet sitesi Adige dili ve edebiyat\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yay\u0131nlamaktad\u0131rlar (Adigece, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, \u0130ngilizce ve di\u011fer dillerde). Bu son d\u00f6nemde yay\u0131nlarda bir art\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlenmektedir.<\/p>\n

    \u00dcrd\u00fcn’de NART-TV<\/strong> adl\u0131 bir \u00f6zel televizyon, uydudan Adige dillerinde yay\u0131nlar vermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130srail’den de Radio Adiga <\/strong>adl\u0131 bir internet radyosu da g\u00fcnl\u00fck kesintisiz Adigece yay\u0131n yapmaktad\u0131r. Bu arada \u0130srail h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Adigelere olan deste\u011fini art\u0131rma karar\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 da s\u00f6ylenmektedir.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye’de de daha yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibi, Adigece \u015fark\u0131 ve \u00f6yk\u00fclerin (masallar\u0131n) sunuldu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok \u00f6zel internet sitesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, g\u00f6stermelik de olsa, resmen bir Kabardeyce radyo ve televizyon yay\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> da verilmektedir. Bu y\u0131l (2008\u2019de) yap\u0131lan yeni bir yasal de\u011fi\u015fiklikle devlete ait bir televizyon kanal\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda geleneksel olarak konu\u015fulan dil ve leh\u00e7elere tahsis edilmesi karar\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu devlet kanal\u0131n\u0131n sadece K\u00fcrt\u00e7e, Zazaca ve Arap\u00e7a yay\u0131nlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tutulaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmektedir. B\u00f6yle olmas\u0131 durumunda Adigece, Kabardeyce, Abazaca, Abhazca, Lazca ve di\u011fer dillerde konu\u015fan milyonlarca insan\u0131n dilleri ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri bir kenara itilmi\u015f ve yeni bir sorun kayna\u011f\u0131 yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. (T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u00c7erkes n\u00fcfusu, kentler \u00fczerine iki milyon 500 bin bi\u00e7iminde bildiriliyorsa da, baz\u0131 g\u00f6zlemci ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, say\u0131n\u0131n bunun iki kat\u0131ndan da \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu konusunda birle\u015fmektedirler. Asl\u0131nda korkmakta ya da iyi bir konumda olan bir\u00e7ok \u00c7erkes, bir\u00e7ok durumda gizlenmekte ve etnik kimli\u011fini belli etmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nabilmektedir. Bu da ortada bir demokratik g\u00fcven sorunu bulundu\u011funu da g\u00f6stermektedir.)<\/p>\n

    Adigeler, Kafkasya\u2019da bu yak\u0131n zamanlara de\u011fin folklor derlemelerine \u00f6ncelik vermi\u015flerdi. Ayr\u0131ca bir deneyim ve uzmanl\u0131k gerektiren dilbilimi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak yeterli bilimsel kadrolar da yeti\u015ftirilememi\u015fti. Bu nedenle dilbilimi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda yabanc\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n pay\u0131 \u00f6nemliydi. Art\u0131k yabanc\u0131 dilleri de bilen yeni bilimsel kadrolar olu\u015fmu\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, bu son y\u0131llarda dilbilimi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Yabanc\u0131 dilbilimcilerin \u00f6nemli u\u011fra\u015f alan\u0131, Adige, Wub\u0131h<\/strong> ve Abhaz<\/strong> dillerinin en eski bi\u00e7imlerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karma ve o yoldan y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek ortak k\u00f6k dile<\/strong> ula\u015fma ve eski Bat\u0131 Kafkas<\/strong> ya da Nart dilini<\/strong>, bilimsel anlamda yeniden in\u015fa etme i\u015fidir. Do\u011fu Kafkas<\/strong> dilleri<\/strong> (\u00c7e\u00e7en-Da\u011f\u0131stan) ile G\u00fcney Kafkas dilleri<\/strong> (G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Svan, San ya da \u201cMegrel\u201d-\u201cLaz\u201d) de yeniden in\u015fa edildiklerinde, s\u0131ra Kafkas dillerinin ortak k\u00f6kenini bulmaya gelecektir. Bilimsel \u00e7evreler ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Kafkas cumhuriyetleri bilimsel kurulu\u015flar\u0131 bu do\u011frultularda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Hollanda Leiden \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong> Shapsug<\/strong> (\u0428\u0430\u043f\u0441\u044b\u0433\u044a) ve Bjedugh<\/strong> (\u0411\u0436\u044a\u044d\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044a\u0443) s\u00f6zl\u00fckleri \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. S\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f bir dil durumundaki Wub\u0131h dili<\/strong> \u00fczerine de Frans\u0131z Prof. G. Dum\u00e9zil<\/strong> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bulunmu\u015ftur. Benzeri bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma Norve\u00e7 Oslo \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong> ve ba\u015fka \u00e7evrelerce de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    Adigelerin dil \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, daha \u00e7ok kendi dillerinin teorik ve pratik sorunlar\u0131na yeni \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler bulma, bu son y\u0131llarda h\u0131zlanan k\u00fcreselle\u015fme sonucu kullan\u0131m olana\u011f\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 hale gelen ve zay\u0131flamakta (s\u00f6nmekte) olan, ayr\u0131ca egemen ulus y\u00f6netimlerince uygulanan asimilasyon politikalar\u0131na* kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nabilecek olas\u0131 \u00f6nlemler \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Adigece \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar merkezi y\u00f6netimce sa\u011flanan tahsisatlar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi nedenlerle yeterli d\u00fczeylere eri\u015fememi\u015ftir. Yerel b\u00fct\u00e7e gelirleri ise g\u00f6stermeliktir, merkezin s\u0131k\u0131 bir k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 vard\u0131r ve yerel y\u00f6netimlerin eli kolu ba\u011fl\u0131 gibidir. Bu gibi nedenlerle 86 y\u0131ll\u0131k uzun bir devlet ya\u015fam\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n do\u011fru d\u00fczg\u00fcn ve geli\u015fmi\u015f bir Adigece S\u00f6zl\u00fck<\/strong> bile yay\u0131nlanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131 ise, en \u00e7ok 10 bin dolay\u0131nda bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yetinen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve yetersiz s\u00f6zl\u00fcklerdir. Bunu \u00f6zellikle Tembot<\/strong> K\u2019era\u015f<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131 \u201cMutluluk Yolu\u201d<\/strong> (\u041d\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043f\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0433\u044a\u043e\u0433\u0443) roman\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye \u00e7evirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131mda daha iyi kavram\u0131\u015f bulunmaktay\u0131m. Eskiden Adige kolhozlar\u0131<\/strong> (k\u00f6y tar\u0131m kooperatifleri), s\u00f6zgeli\u015fi s\u00f6zl\u00fck yay\u0131n\u0131 gibi parasal getirisi olmayan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara, y\u0131ll\u0131k gelirlerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamak bi\u00e7iminde maddi destekler sa\u011fl\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise Mehmet Yasin \u00c7elikk\u0131ran<\/strong> (\u04221\u044d\u0448\u044a\u0443 \u041c. \u042f\u0441\u0438\u043d), Fahri Huvaj<\/strong> (\u0425\u044a\u0443\u0430\u0436\u044a \u0424\u0430\u0445\u044a\u0440\u0438)\u00a0 ve ABAZE \u0130brahim Alhas<\/strong> (\u0410\u0431\u0430\u0437\u044d \u0418\u0431\u0440\u044d\u0445\u044c\u0438\u043c \u0410\u043b\u044a\u0445\u044a\u044d\u0441) taraf\u0131ndan Adigece \u00fczerine yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zl\u00fckler bulunmaktad\u0131r, ayr\u0131ca BER<\/strong> Hikmet<\/strong>\u2019in dil \u00fczerine geni\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da vard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle s\u00f6zl\u00fck bilimcisi Fahri Huvaj<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar, ku\u015fkusuz diaspora a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan birer gurur ve umut kayna\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131rlar.
    \n<\/b>
    \n Not:
    \n<\/strong> (*) Yads\u0131nmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye ve \u00c7erkes n\u00fcfus bar\u0131nd\u0131ran gerici Arap y\u00f6netimleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, RF\u2019nda da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ulusal birimler halklar\u0131n\u0131 asimile ederek Rusla\u015ft\u0131rmak gibi bir politik ama\u00e7 g\u00fcden \u00e7a\u011fd\u0131\u015f\u0131, ama g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131-fa\u015fist e\u011filim vard\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck cumhuriyetlerde de bu e\u011filimin lobilerinin bulundu\u011fu, bu lobilerde g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015f yerli halktan ki\u015filerin (i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ilerin) merkezden desteklendi\u011fi ve bu gibi sat\u0131n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ki\u015filerin Rus milliyet\u00e7ilerinin hizmetinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin baz\u0131 \u201cAdigeler\u201d, 2006 y\u0131l\u0131 ve \u00f6ncesinde Adigey\u2019in Krasnodar Kray taraf\u0131ndan yutulmas\u0131 i\u00e7erikli kampanyalara destek vermi\u015flerdi. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n RF Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Vladimir Putin<\/strong> ve Rus demokratlar\u0131<\/strong> Adige aleyhtar\u0131 bu t\u00fcr gerici kampanyalar\u0131 desteklememi\u015flerdi. \u00a0Bu bak\u0131mdan gerici ve fa\u015fistlerin ve bunlar\u0131n i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ilerinin politik oyunlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k de\u015fifre etmek gerekmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye ve RF, Avrupa\u2019da fa\u015fisti en bol olan son iki \u00fclkedir. Arap \u00fclkelerinde ise \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ve fa\u015fist say\u0131s\u0131 az ama gerici ve \u00e7a\u011fd\u0131\u015f\u0131 insan say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7oktur. -HCY<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    B\u00d6L\u00dcM: II
    \nTANIM<\/p>\n

    <\/strong> Adige edebiyat\u0131, Adige dilinde ya da herhangi bir leh\u00e7esinde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ve sanatsal de\u011feri bulunan yaz\u0131lardan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    Bu tan\u0131m\u0131n kapsam\u0131na Adige\/Kabardey, Adige\/K\u2019emguy, Adige\/Shapsugh<\/strong> vb gibi leh\u00e7elerde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcr\u00fcnler girer. Ancak Kafkasya’da, 1945’ten beri Shapsughca, art\u0131k bir edebiyat dili olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Uzun bir s\u00fcre, Rusya Federasyonu (RF) ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet haline gelene de\u011fin (Aral\u0131k 1991), Kafkasya’da yaz\u0131l\u0131 Adige edebiyat\u0131 (edebiyatlar\u0131), 1917 Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc say\u0131lmak istenmi\u015fti. Bu nedenle de, Adige edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n Sovyet d\u00f6nemi \u00f6ncesi sise g\u00f6m\u00fclerek, bu edebiyat 1920 y\u0131l\u0131 ile birlikte ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6sterilmek isteniyordu.<\/p>\n

    1920 sonras\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 leh\u00e7ede (Kabardey, Adige\/K’emguy ve Shapsugh) yaz\u0131lan d\u00f6rt b\u00f6lgesel edebiyat (Kabardey, \u015eerces, Adige ve Shapsugh) do\u011fdu. Bu d\u00f6rt edebiyattan ikisi, yani Kabardey<\/strong> ve \u015eerces<\/strong> (\u0428\u044d\u0440\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0441\/\u00c7erkes) b\u00f6lgesel edebiyatlar\u0131 (baz\u0131 \u00f6nemsiz s\u00f6zc\u00fckler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) Kabardey edebiyat dilini<\/strong> benimsemi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6rt edebiyat 1945 y\u0131l\u0131na de\u011fin s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Shapsughlar\u0131n \u00f6zerkli\u011fine son verilmesi ile birlikte, Shapsugh edebiyat\u0131<\/strong> ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131 da son bulmu\u015f, geriye sadece \u00a0iki edebiyat dili (Kabardey ve Adige) ve \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6lgesel edebiyat kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Kabardey, \u015eerces<\/strong> (\u00c7erkes) ve Adige<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Kabardey edebiyat diline Kabardey-\u00c7erkesce<\/strong> (\u041a\u044a\u044d\u0431\u044d\u0440\u0434\u044d\u0439-\u0428\u044d\u0440\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0441\u044b\u0431\u0437\u044d) denildi\u011fi gibi, her iki edebiyata da birlikte Kabardey-\u00c7erkes <\/strong>ya da Kabardey-\u015eerces edebiyat\u0131<\/strong> da denmektedir. Bu iki edebiyat kendisi s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda Adige edebiyat\u0131 (ve dili) <\/strong>ad\u0131n\u0131, \u00a0Adigey Cumhuriyeti<\/strong> (AC)\u00a0 edebiyat\u0131<\/strong> (ve dili) terimini kullanmaktad\u0131r<\/strong>. Bundan da b\u00f6lgecilikten bir uzakla\u015fma e\u011filimi bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00a0Nitekim bu son y\u0131llarda, ileti\u015fimin geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte, her \u00fc\u00e7 edebiyat da kendisini Adige edebiyat\u0131 <\/strong>i\u00e7inde ve onun bir kolu olarak g\u00f6rmekte, her \u00fc\u00e7 edebiyat, herhangi bir b\u00f6lge yazar\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015flamamakta, aksine sahiplenmekte ve hepsine de Adige yazar\u0131 <\/strong>denmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yazar \u0130shak Me\u015fba\u015f<\/strong>, AC yazar\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi, Kabardey-Balkarya (KBC) ve Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya (K\u00c7C) b\u00f6lgeleri yazar\u0131 da say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Ancak bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa yer vermemek i\u00e7in, her biri birer ayr\u0131 Adige b\u00f6lgesel edebiyat\u0131 olan bu edebiyatlar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re tan\u0131tman\u0131n daha anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeyiz. Her \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6lge edebiyat\u0131, dahas\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcndeki sis perdesi aralanmam\u0131\u015f olan Shapsugh edebiyat\u0131 ve di\u011fer leh\u00e7elerdeki yaz\u0131lar da Adigelere aittir ve t\u00fcm Adigelerin bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birikimi ve zenginli\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

    B\u00f6lgesel anlamda Kabardey edebiyat\u0131<\/strong> ad\u0131 KBC, \u015eerces<\/strong> (\u0428\u044d\u0440\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0441) edebiyat\u0131<\/strong> ad\u0131 K\u00c7C ve Adige edebiyat\u0131<\/strong> ad\u0131 da AC Adigelerinin edebiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131tmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 1945 \u00f6ncesi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini bilemedi\u011fimiz ve bu konuda hi\u00e7bir yaz\u0131ya ula\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Shapsugh edebiyat\u0131<\/strong> ise, Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Shapsugh Ulusal Rayonu<\/strong> (\u015eUR; 1924-1945) ya da \u015fimdiki K\u0131y\u0131boyu Shapsughya<\/strong> Adigelerinin edebiyat\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n

    Ya\u015fayan bu \u00fc\u00e7 Adige edebiyat\u0131n\u0131, bilimsel anlamda tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in, Adige edebiyat dilleri<\/strong> teriminde oldu\u011fu gibi, Adige edebiyatlar\u0131<\/strong> terimi kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Her \u00fc\u00e7 edebiyat\u0131n her biri kendisi i\u00e7in Adige ad\u0131n\u0131 kullanabiliyor, b\u00f6ylesine durumlarda \u00f6teki edebiyatlar b\u00f6lge ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin AC Adige edebiyat\u0131 kendisi i\u00e7in sadece Adige ya da Adigey ad\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131yorsa, di\u011ferlerine de \u015eerces (\u0428\u044d\u0440\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0441) ve Kabardey (\u041a\u044a\u044d\u0431\u044d\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0439) adlar\u0131n\u0131 verebiliyor; Kabardey edebiyat\u0131 da, di\u011ferlerini \u015eerces ve Adigey diye tan\u0131mlayabiliyor.<\/p>\n

    1917 Ekim devrimi \u00f6ncesinde Adige edebiyat\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel anlamda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmemi\u015f ya da kollara ayr\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu bak\u0131mdan, o d\u00f6nemde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan yaz\u0131lanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc Adige edebiyat\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7ine girer.<\/p>\n

    Adige edebiyat\u0131, daha farkl\u0131 diller kullanan di\u011fer Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131 edebiyatlar\u0131<\/strong> ya da daha geni\u015f bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede de RF halklar\u0131 edebiyatlar\u0131<\/strong> i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00d6zetlersek, bug\u00fcn b\u00f6lgesel anlamda Adige ve K\u0131y\u0131boyu Shapsughlar K’emguy<\/strong> (\u041a1\u044d\u043c\u0433\u0443\u0439) leh\u00e7esine, \u015eerces ve Kabardeyler de As\u0131l Kabardey leh\u00e7esinin Baksan<\/strong> (\u0411\u0430\u0445\u044a\u0441\u044d\u043d)\u00a0 a\u011fz\u0131na dayanan birer edebiyat dilini kullanmaktad\u0131rlar. \u015eu durumda Adigelerin iki edebiyat dili<\/strong> (Adige, Kabardey) ve \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6lgesel edebiyat\u0131<\/strong> (Adige, \u015eerces ve Kabardey) bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak Diaspora bu tan\u0131m\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r, Diaspora\u2019da Kabardeyce<\/strong> yan\u0131nda Shapsughca <\/strong>da halen kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (*).<\/p>\n

    Adige edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n beslendi\u011fi ana kaynak, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Adige folkloru olmu\u015ftur. Bu nedenle Adige edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 (edebiyatlar\u0131n\u0131) tan\u0131tma i\u015fine Adige folklorunu tan\u0131tmakla ba\u015flamak istiyoruz. <\/p>\n

    AD\u0130GE HALKB\u0130L\u0130M\u0130 VE EDEB\u0130YATLA \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130S\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Adigelerin tarih\u00f6ncesi (prehistorya) ve tarih \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131 boyunca a\u011f\u0131zdan a\u011f\u0131za ya da ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktararak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze getirdikleri maddi ve manevi sanatsal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin (yarat\u0131lar\u0131n) toplam\u0131 Adige halk biliminin (folklor) olu\u015fturur. Biz ise, burada edebiyatla ilgili olarak s\u00f6zl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00fczerinde durmakla yetinece\u011fiz. Adige s\u00f6zl\u00fc edebiyat\u0131, Adige ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ve bu ya\u015fam s\u00fcresince olu\u015fmu\u015f olan Adige k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn paha bi\u00e7ilemez de\u011ferdeki \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    Adige halk bilimi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak, kimi durumlarda s\u00f6zl\u00fc halk \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, halk gelene\u011fi, s\u00f6zl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnler <\/strong>ya da halk yarat\u0131s\u0131<\/strong> gibi terimler de kullan\u0131labilmektedir. Bunlar\u0131n hepsi Adige halk bilimi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bug\u00fcn s\u00f6zl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin en az bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc s\u00f6z kayd\u0131, film, yaz\u0131 ve daha ba\u015fka yollarla derlenmi\u015f ya da yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f ve yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Adige edebiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 bilimsel anlamda inceleyen akademik kurulu\u015flar da vard\u0131r (Bkz. Adige Dili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc).<\/p>\n

    Biz yukar\u0131da de\u011findi\u011fimiz gibi, halk biliminin edebiyat (s\u00f6zl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnler) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerinde duraca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

    \u00d6nce \u015fu noktay\u0131 belirtmek gerekiyor: Adige halk bilimi \u015fu \u015fu Adige toplulu\u011funun ya da \u015fu \u015fu b\u00f6lgenin de\u011fil, yery\u00fcz\u00fcne da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ve bug\u00fcn say\u0131lar\u0131 milyonlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f bulunan b\u00fct\u00fcn Adigelerin ortak mal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu zenginlik, dar anlamda b\u00fct\u00fcn Adigelere, daha geni\u015f ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir anlamda da b\u00fct\u00fcn bir insanl\u0131\u011fa aittir. Hangi leh\u00e7e ya da a\u011f\u0131zda s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f olursa olsun, bu ger\u00e7ek de\u011fi\u015fmez. <\/p>\n

    AD\u0130GE HALKB\u0130L\u0130M\u0130N\u0130N N\u0130TEL\u0130\u011e\u0130 <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Anadilinde okuma yazmas\u0131 olmayan halklar gibi, Adigelerin de 1920 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde oturmu\u015f ve genel bir kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f bir yaz\u0131l\u0131 ya\u015famlar\u0131 yoktu. Ger\u00e7i Milat \u00f6ncesinin Meot<\/strong> (\u041c\u044b\u0443\u04421)\u00a0 topluluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir Adige yaz\u0131s\u0131 da vard\u0131 (Bkz. Adige Dili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc). Ancak d\u0131\u015f sald\u0131r\u0131lar sonucu Meot uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Adigelerin da\u011flara \u00e7ekilmeleri nedeniyle, Adige kent uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 son bulmu\u015f, buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da Meot (Adige) yaz\u0131s\u0131 unutulmu\u015f, ekonomik ve toplumsal ya\u015famda da bir gerileme d\u00f6nemine girilmi\u015ftir (Gerileme d\u00f6nemi halen devam etmektedir). Bu nedenle Adigelerin sanatsal yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k konusunda ellerinde bulunan biricik olanak halk bilimiydi. Adige halk\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki zorlu ya\u015fam\u0131 ve mutlulu\u011fa y\u00f6nelik \u00f6zlemleri, Adigeler aras\u0131nda anlat\u0131lan masal, \u00f6yk\u00fc ve t\u00fcrk\u00fclerde (vered\/\u043e\u0440\u044d\u0434)\u00a0 ortaya konuyordu.<\/p>\n

    1920 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyet iktidar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, ilke gere\u011fince Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131na \u00f6zerklik verilmesi kabul edildi. Kas\u0131m 1920\u2019de Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131stan<\/strong> ve Da\u011fl\u0131 \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti <\/strong>(D\u00d6C) kuruldu. D\u00d6C i\u00e7inde birer okrug (**<\/strong>) birimi olarak Kabardey, Balkar<\/strong> ve Kara\u00e7ay y\u00f6releri <\/strong>de yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. D\u00d6C\u2019nin b\u00f6l\u00fcnme s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde, 1922\u2019de Kabardey-Balkarya<\/strong> ve Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya<\/strong> \u00f6zerk oblastlar\u0131<\/strong>, yine daha bat\u0131da Kuban oblast\u0131nda 1922\u2019de Adige \u00d6zerk Oblast\u0131<\/strong> da (\u015fimdi AC) kuruldu ve Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda\u00a0 (\u015fimdiki \u015e\u2019a\u00e7e\/So\u00e7i ve Tuapse rayonu tamam\u0131nda) kurulu\u015fu\u00a0 ilan edilmi\u015f olan Shapsugh \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti <\/strong>ise, 1924\u2019te stat\u00fc indirimi bi\u00e7iminde, en alt d\u00fczeyde bir \u00f6zerk birim olmak \u00fczere, yani bir ulusal rayon (***) birimi olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131: Shapsugh Ulusal Rayonu. <\/strong><\/p>\n

    B\u00f6ylece Adige dilleri de (Adige\/Kabardey, Adige\/K\u2019emguy ve Adige\/Shapsugh) Sovyet Rusya\u2019n\u0131n devlet dilleri aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015f, d\u00f6rt \u00f6zerk Adige regionu<\/strong> (b\u00f6lgesi) do\u011fmu\u015f oldu. Bu diller kamu ya\u015fam\u0131nda (devlet dairelerinde), okulda ve bas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. 1920\u2019lerde Adigece Arap harfleriyle yaz\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. (Alfabeler i\u00e7in Bkz. Adige Dili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc)<\/p>\n

    Bu yeni olu\u015fum i\u00e7inde, birer ulusal edebiyat yaratma g\u00f6reviyle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olan Adige yazarlar\u0131, bir yandan yaz\u0131l\u0131 edebiyatlar\u0131 bulunan kom\u015fu ve d\u00fcnya edebiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek ve onlardan \u00f6rneklenerek yazmaya ve ustala\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, \u00f6te yandan da Adige halk biliminden yararlanmaktayd\u0131lar. Adigelerin binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6ncelerinden ba\u015flayan, binlerce y\u0131l\u0131n birikimiyle zenginle\u015fmi\u015f ve \u00f6ylece g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze gelmi\u015f olan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir folkloru bulunmaktayd\u0131. Yeni Adige edebiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmelerinde bu b\u00fcy\u00fck folklorik zenginli\u011fin pay\u0131 \u00f6nemli ve b\u00fcy\u00fck olmu\u015ftur. Bu zenginlik sa\u011flam bir ulusal k\u00f6k \u00fczerinde h\u0131zla geli\u015fme anlam\u0131nda bir dayanak olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    Adige \u00fclkelerinde emekten yana y\u00f6netimlerin iktidara gelmi\u015f olmalar\u0131, yeni bir sanatsal anlay\u0131\u015fla ya\u015fam\u0131n ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve Adige halk biliminden de o \u00e7er\u00e7evede yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131 ku\u015fkusuz geli\u015fime bir canl\u0131l\u0131k katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu nedenle, en ileri ve en uluslararas\u0131 nitelikli \u00f6zellikleri i\u00e7eren yeni Adige edebiyat \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir ulusall\u0131\u011f\u0131 da yans\u0131tmaktayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

    Adige halk\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131llar, binlerce y\u0131l boyu s\u00fcren ya\u015fam\u0131 s\u00fcresince yarat\u0131p biriktirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu Adige s\u00f6zl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde, Adige emek\u00e7ilerinin ger\u00e7ek \u00f6zlemlerini sergileyen \u00f6zellikler ve Adige emek\u00e7i insan\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc s\u00f6z ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n par\u0131ldad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn sanatsal \u00f6\u011feler vard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Adige s\u00f6zl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnleri toplumsal ve siyasal y\u00f6nlerden de a\u00e7\u0131k (anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 kolay), anlaml\u0131 ve \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 kurulu\u015flara sahiptiler. \u0130\u015fin buras\u0131nda Adige yazarlar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00f6rev, bitmez t\u00fckenmez bir hazine konumundaki bu s\u00f6zl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcrde bulunan demokratik ve toplumcu \u00f6\u011feleri bulup almak (dev\u015firmek) ve bunlar\u0131 toplumun hizmetinde olacak bir bi\u00e7imde yeniden yo\u011furmak ve sanatsal anlamda d\u00fczenleyip geli\u015ftirmekti. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda, yeni edebiyat\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin gerici feodal ve burjuva k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda emek\u00e7ilerin hizmetinde bir ideolojik silah haline getirmek de gerekiyordu, yani edebiyat politik g\u00f6revler de \u00fcstlenmek durumundayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Toparlarsak yeni Adige edebiyat\u0131 emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunmay\u0131 g\u00f6rev edinmi\u015f bir politik edebiyatt\u0131 ve ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fcs\u00fc de olamazd\u0131. Bu yeni edebiyat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fini b\u00fcy\u00fck Adige yazar\u0131 Tembot K\u2019era\u015f<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n (\u041a1\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0449\u044d \u0422\u0435\u043c\u0431\u043e\u0442) Mutluluk Yolu<\/strong> (\u041d\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043f\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0433\u044a\u043e\u0433\u0443) roman\u0131nda vermi\u015ftir. (Roman\u0131n \u00e7evirisi i\u00e7in Bkz. CircassianCanada, internet) Yazar, roman\u0131n\u0131, basit bir \u00f6vg\u00fc kolayc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ka\u00e7madan, karakterleri ya\u015famdan alm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6\u011feleri ve ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Adige edebiyatlar\u0131 ve bu edebiyatlar\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 (yazarlar\u0131), Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde yeni ya\u015fam i\u00e7inde olu\u015fmakta olan toplumsal ve bireysel g\u00f6revleri \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdi. Ama\u00e7 kitleleri devrim y\u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u011fitmek ve bilin\u00e7lendirmek idi. \u0130lk yaz\u0131l\u0131 yap\u0131tlarda politik bir tutarl\u0131l\u0131k olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, sanatsal anlamda ba\u015far\u0131 d\u00fczeyleri fazla geli\u015fmemi\u015fti. Bu noktada Adige yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131na, yabanc\u0131 edebiyat \u00f6rnekleri yan\u0131nda, \u00a0Adige folkloru yeti\u015fti. Tembot K\u2019era\u015f<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n ve \u0130brahim Tsey<\/strong>\u2019in yazd\u0131klar\u0131 bu ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rnekler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. (Her iki yazar\u0131n biyografisi i\u00e7in Bkz., internet)<\/p>\n

    Adige folklorik yap\u0131tlar\u0131, \u015fark\u0131lardan (vered) hayvan masallar\u0131na de\u011fin toplumsal konular\u0131 i\u015flemekteydiler. Bu da Adige halk\u0131n\u0131n temelde bir demokratik bir toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131 bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyordu. Nitekim Adige folkloru, \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan bir kurulu\u015fta de\u011fildi, tam aksine emek\u00e7i halktan (\u0444\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1\/\u043b\u044a\u0445\u0443\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1) yana bir \u00f6zle donanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Adige emek\u00e7ileri, s\u0131k s\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fman g\u00fc\u00e7lerden (Tatar, Rus, vb) destek alabilen s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc (derebeyi\/\u043f\u0449\u044b-\u043e\u0440\u043a\u044a) s\u0131n\u0131flarla sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f, sonunda onlar\u0131 geriletmeyi ve yer yer yenmeyi de ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Adige Spartakus\u2019u say\u0131lan Dameley <\/strong>ve ba\u015fka \u00f6nderler \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Kabardey emek\u00e7ileri sert direni\u015flerde bulunmu\u015f, sonunda, 1767\u2019de Malka (Balk) \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 boylar\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcr topluluklar olu\u015fturmay\u0131, 1797\u2019de de Shapsugh ve Abadzehlerden (\u0410\u0431\u0434\u0437\u0430\u0445) destek g\u00f6ren Bjedugh emek\u00e7ileri, Ruslardan destek alan kendi k\u00f6y derebeylerini topraklar\u0131ndan kovmu\u015flard\u0131. Bu olaylar\u0131n an\u0131lar\u0131 tazeli\u011fini korumaktayd\u0131. (Bu konuda Ts\u0131\u011fo Tev\u00e7oj\u2019un \u201cP\u015f\u0131-verk zav\u201d<\/strong> adl\u0131 destan\u0131 ve \u0130shak Me\u015fba\u015f\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye de \u00e7evrilen \u00a0\u201cBz\u0131yko-zav\u201d adl\u0131 roman\u0131 vard\u0131r.)<\/p>\n

    Rus\u00e7a\u2019s\u0131ndan bir Adige masal kitab\u0131n\u0131 okuyup de\u011ferlendiren b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus Sovyet demokrat yazarlar\u0131ndan Maksim Gorki <\/strong>\u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cBu okuduklar\u0131mdan anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m kadar\u0131yla, Adige masallar\u0131n\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 ve de\u011ferli k\u0131lan \u015fey, bu masallar\u0131n ba\u015fka halklar\u0131n masallar\u0131nda bulunan motifleri (\u00f6rgeleri) ta\u015f\u0131makta olmalar\u0131d\u0131r\u2026 Tav\u015fan, tilki ve ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 kurt \u00fczerine olan masal ger\u00e7ekten ilgin\u00e7, hayvanlar \u00fczerine olan masallarda bulunmay\u0131p da \u00a0onda bulunmakta olan \u00f6zellik, hayvanlar\u0131n insanlara \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00a0toplumsal i\u015fleri yapmakta olmalar\u0131d\u0131r\u2026 Adige masallar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferini art\u0131ran bir ba\u015fka nokta da, iyinin daima k\u00f6t\u00fcye \u00fcst\u00fcn gelmekte olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zellik halk\u0131n umutlu ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011funun bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. <\/strong>(\u0410\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044d \u0442\u0430\u0443\u0440\u044b\u0445\u044a\u0445\u044d\u0440\/Ad\u0131ghe taur\u0131xhxer, Maykop, 1947, A. M. Gorki\u2019nin mektubu)<\/p>\n

    Adige folkloru al\u0131nteri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 helal ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Adige k\u00f6y emek\u00e7ilerinin (\u0444\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1, \u043f\u0449\u044b\u043b1\u044b) s\u00fcrekli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve ideolojik silah\u0131 olma durumundayd\u0131. Bu silah, art\u0131k, yaz\u0131l\u0131 Adige edebiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fu ile birlikte daha etkili ve bilin\u00e7li bir konuma ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

    Adigeler aras\u0131nda \u00f6zerklik \u00f6ncesinde de, bir yaz\u0131 dili yaratmak i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f veren ki\u015filer \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yurtseverler, Adige halk\u0131n\u0131n bu \u00e7ok de\u011ferli evlatlar\u0131, Adige halk\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan her zaman i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sayg\u0131yla an\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar: B\u0131rsey V\u0131mar<\/strong>, \u015eor Negume<\/strong>, vb. Ancak bu ayd\u0131nlar, diaspora d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, y\u00fcce \u00f6zlemlerinin hi\u00e7birini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremediler. Bu arada baz\u0131 Adige ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 da Adigeler \u00fczerine Rus\u00e7a, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve daha ba\u015fka dillerde yaz\u0131lar yazd\u0131lar, kitaplar bast\u0131rd\u0131lar: Kafkasya\u2019da Hanger\u0131y<\/strong>, Sultan Kaz-Bek<\/strong>, diasporada da Ha\u011fur Ahmet Mithat Efendi, Baj Jeba\u011f\u0131, \u00c7unat\u0131ko Met \u0130zzet, vb. <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Bu ayd\u0131nlardan Hanger\u0131y<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n, 1840\u2019larda Adigelerin ya\u015fam\u0131, gelenekleri ve toplumsal ili\u015fkileri \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ilgi uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Sultan Kaz-Bek<\/strong>\u2019in yazd\u0131klar\u0131 da yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f, d\u00f6nemin \u015fairi Pu\u015fkin<\/strong> ve ele\u015ftirmeni Belinski<\/strong>, kendisinden \u00f6vg\u00fcyle s\u00f6z etmi\u015flerdi. Ku\u015fkusuz benzeri ba\u015fka yazarlar da vard\u0131r ama b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar oturmu\u015f bir yaz\u0131l\u0131 Adige edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Adige halk\u0131 tutsakl\u0131k prangalar\u0131 ile ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131 ve k\u0131m\u0131ldama olana\u011f\u0131ndan yoksundu. Sadece diasporada Shapsughca<\/strong> yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan, okullarda okunan ve halk aras\u0131nda okutulan Adigece Mevlit<\/strong>\u2019ten s\u00f6z edilebilir. Bu ve Shapsughca\u2019n\u0131n bir \u0130slami ibadet dili<\/strong> olmas\u0131 da ku\u015fkusuz b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kazan\u0131md\u0131. Bu sayede diasporada Shapsughca lehinde bir dil ar\u0131nmas\u0131, tek bir leh\u00e7ede b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme olay\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Kafkasya\u2019daki ezilen Adige halklar\u0131 ise okumas\u0131z, yazmas\u0131z, modern e\u011fitimden uzak, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Ruslar\u0131n ve gerici s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131nda soluyamaz durumdayken, b\u00f6ylesine bireysel u\u011fra\u015flardan kal\u0131c\u0131 bir sonu\u00e7 elde edilemiyordu. Halk kendi karanl\u0131k durumu i\u00e7inde ya\u015fay\u0131p gidiyordu.<\/p>\n

    Ancak Adigelerin \u00f6zerklik kazanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Adige dilleri devlet taraf\u0131ndan okullarda okutulmaya, bu dillerde kitaplar, dergi ve gazeteler yay\u0131nlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, giderek, \u00f6z\u00fcyle (i\u00e7eri\u011fiyle) toplumcu (sosyalist), bi\u00e7imiyle de ulusal olan yeni bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 olu\u015ftu ve bu anlay\u0131\u015f \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yeni Adige edebiyatlar\u0131 da do\u011fmu\u015f oldular. <\/p>\n

    NOTLAR<\/strong>
    \n(*) <\/strong>Shapsughca, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, \u00a0Kabardeyce d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Adige leh\u00e7elerini \u015fu ya da bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemi\u015f ya da eritmi\u015ftir. Bu da \u015fimdiki Adigey dili (K\u2019emguy) ile Diaspora aras\u0131ndaki kopuklu\u011fu daha da derinle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Kafkasya\u2019da iki\u015fer adet \u00e7 (\u0447, \u0447\u044a), \u00e7\u2019 (\u04471, \u043a1), j (\u0436, \u0436\u044c), \u015f (\u0448, \u0449) sesi, vb vard\u0131r. Bu sesler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tek sese inmi\u015ftir, bu nedenle Kafkasya\u2019da kullan\u0131lan, ama T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kullan\u0131lmayan bu farkl\u0131 sesler Diaspora\u2019da anla\u015f\u0131lamamakta ve sorun olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu arada Kafkasya\u2019da bulunmayan \u201cge\u201d, \u201dke\u201d ve \u201ck\u2019e\u201d (\u043a1\u044c\u044d)\u00a0 gibi sesler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de vard\u0131r ve halen kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye \u201cKabe\u201d, \u00a0\u201ckitap\u201d, \u00a0\u201cKemal\u201d derken, Kafkasya \u201c\u00c7abe\u201d, \u00a0\u201c\u00c7\u0131tap\u201d ve \u201c\u00c7emal\u201d demektedir.
    \nKafkasya\u2019ya yerle\u015fmi\u015f dostlardan Dr. Necdet Hatam, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kullan\u0131lan, ama Kafkasya\u2019da kullan\u0131lmayan sesler \u00fczerine Kafkasya\u2019da akademik d\u00fczeyde bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de olan, ama Kafkasya\u2019da bulunmayan bu t\u00fcr sesler i\u00e7in yeni i\u015faretler konarak yeni harfler \u00f6nerildi\u011fini 26. 07. 2007\u2019deki CC Yazarlar\u0131 toplant\u0131s\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f ve bu konuda bir yaz\u0131 g\u00f6ndermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Yaz\u0131 ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gerekli bilgilendirmeyi sizlere sunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. -HCY
    \n(**) <\/strong>Okrug, Rusya\u2019da de\u011fi\u015fik d\u00f6nemlerde de\u011fi\u015fik bi\u00e7imlerde alg\u0131lanan bir b\u00f6lge birimi. \u00c7arl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde il\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u015eimdi bir \u00f6zerk birim olarak okrug, oblast\u2019dan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, rayon\u2019dan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zerk bir idari birimi g\u00f6sterir. Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck idari ve askeri okruglar da vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin 13 regionu (b\u00f6lgeyi) i\u00e7eren bir G\u00fcney Rusya Okrugu da vard\u0131r, Kuzey Kafkasya cumhuriyetleri de bu okrug i\u00e7indedir. Okrug ad\u0131, ayr\u0131ca AC\u2019nde bucak birimi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Bkz. Adigey Cumhuriyeti, internet).
    \n(***) <\/strong>Rayon, Rusya\u2019da bulunan ve il\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak Bat\u0131 dillerine \u00e7evrilen bir y\u00f6netsel birim. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kray (b\u00fcy\u00fck il), oblast (il), \u00f6zerk oblast ve cumhuriyetler alt birimler olarak rayonlara b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcrler. S\u00f6zgeli\u015fi, Adigey Cumhuriyeti 7 rayon ve iki kentsel alana ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Maykop kentsel alan\u0131 da kendi i\u00e7inde kentsel rayonlara b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    AD\u0130GE FOLKLORUNUN DERLENMES\u0130 \u00dcZER\u0130NE BAZI B\u0130LG\u0130LER<\/p>\n

    <\/strong> \u00d6ncelikle \u015fu noktay\u0131 \u00fcz\u00fclerek belirtmek durumunday\u0131z: Biz Kafkasya’daki Adige varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6teden beri abartm\u0131\u015f, oldu\u011fundan fazla g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve \u00e7ok \u015fey ummu\u015f durumday\u0131z.<\/p>\n

    Bunun bir sonucu olarak, folklorumuzun tamam\u0131n\u0131n Kafkasya’da da bulundu\u011fu, gerekli derlemelerin zaten orada yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yap\u0131lmakta oldu\u011fu, bizim ayr\u0131ca derlemeler yapmam\u0131z\u0131n fazlaca bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131mayaca\u011f\u0131 gibisine yanl\u0131\u015f san\u0131lara (zehaba) kap\u0131ld\u0131k ve derleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda edilgen (pasif) kald\u0131k. Oysa Kafkasya’da, \u00fclkenin bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, Adigelerin, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla folklorun sadece bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc baz\u0131 Adige topluluklar\u0131, neredeyse toptan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye transfer olmu\u015flard\u0131. Abzegh, Natuhay, Shapsugh, Wub\u0131h, Besleney, Meho\u015f, Abaza, vb. Di\u011fer topluluklar da, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck Kabardey ve Bjedugh y\u00f6releri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, iyice ufalanm\u0131\u015f ve birbirinden kopuk tek k\u00f6y ya da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6y k\u00fcmeleri bi\u00e7iminde da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u015eimdiki terimlerle, 1897’de Kafkasya\u2019da 98 bin 500 Kabardey<\/strong>, 13 bin \u015eerces<\/strong>, 30 bin de Adige<\/strong> ve Shapsugh<\/strong>, 12 bin 500 de Abaza <\/strong>kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck k\u00fcmeler, n\u00fcfus azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle, \u00f6nemli k\u00fclt\u00fcrel sorunlar\u0131n alt\u0131ndan kalkam\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kuzey Kafkasya k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri, 1864 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde 2 milyonu bulan b\u00fcy\u00fck Adige n\u00fcfusundan ve onun \u00fcretti\u011fi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kaynaktan yararlan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Politik (dini) nedenlerle, son d\u00f6nemlerde baz\u0131 topluluklar (Da\u011f\u0131stan gibi) Adige k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden olduk\u00e7a uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, Arap ya da \u0130ran, k\u0131smen de G\u00fcrc\u00fc etkisi (\u00f6rne\u011fin Abhazlar) alt\u0131na girmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

    B\u00f6ylesine k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve zay\u0131f topluluklar\u0131n (n\u00fcfusu en az\u0131ndan 1 milyon dolay\u0131nda olmayanlar\u0131n) devletle\u015fmedikleri ya da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet deste\u011fi almad\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcrece, k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini, dahas\u0131 dillerini yeniden \u00fcretmeleri ve geli\u015ftirmeleri olanaks\u0131zd\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Diaspora\u2019da da (T\u00fcrkiye, Suriye, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, \u0130srail, vb) benzeri bir durum vard\u0131. Ancak din birli\u011fi (S\u00fcnni\/Hanefi \u0130slam) nedeniyle di\u011fer topluluklarla kar\u0131\u015fma ve asimilasyon durumu, daha erken bir tarihte g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ustaca politik taktiklerle halk\u0131n modern anlamda kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 ele almas\u0131 \u00f6nleniyordu.<\/p>\n

    B\u00fct\u00fcn bu olumsuzluklara kar\u015f\u0131n, Kafkasya\u2019da yeti\u015fmi\u015f, \u00e7ok de\u011ferli bir \u00f6nc\u00fc edebiyat bilimcisi ve derlemecisi olan \u015eaban K\u2019ube<\/strong> (\u041a1\u0443\u0431\u044d \u0428\u044d\u0431\u0430\u043d), diasporaya, bir H\u0131z\u0131r gibi eri\u015fti. \u015eaban K\u2019ube (1890-1974), 1950\u2019lerde Suriye ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn<\/strong> Adigeleri aras\u0131ndan \u00e7ok say\u0131da folklorik \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc derledi ve yay\u0131nlad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Adige-Kafkas k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hizmette bulundu ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yok olmas\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6nlemi\u015f oldu. Bu, d\u00fcnya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hizmetti. Ancak T\u00fcrkiye’ye gelmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, buradaki antikom\u00fcnist ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131\/fa\u015fist atmosferin engeline tak\u0131ld\u0131, korkudan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kimse ona sahip \u00e7\u0131kamad\u0131 ve sonunda ABD\u2019ne g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. (O d\u00f6nemlerde Adige sorunu ile ilgilenmek b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck ve kom\u00fcnistlikmi\u015f gibi alg\u0131lanabiliyordu.)<\/p>\n

    Sonu\u00e7 olarak, folklorun as\u0131l g\u00f6vdesinin bulundu\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye’deki k\u00fclt\u00fcrel varl\u0131k, yeterli derlemeler yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta mezara g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f oldu, bu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kay\u0131pt\u0131r. Sadece 1930\u2019larda Frans\u0131z Prof. G. Dum\u00e9zil<\/strong>\u2019in, \u015fimdiki Kocaeli ve Sakarya illeri ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Adigece ve Wub\u0131h\u00e7a derlemelerinden s\u00f6z edebiliyoruz. \u015eimdilerde derleme yapmak ise, eskisine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok zorla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, bunun bir\u00e7ok nedeni vard\u0131r, folklorik \u00fcr\u00fcnler azalm\u0131\u015f ya da iyice sise g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; \u00f6zellikle televizyon k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc folkloru \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f gibidir. Bu ko\u015fullarda uzman ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan, yine de baz\u0131 derlemeler yap\u0131labilir. Kafkasya\u2019dan gelen baz\u0131 ekipler derlemelerde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Derleme i\u00e7in destek ve uygun ortamlar yaratmak, bilen ki\u015filerle disiplinli olarak bir araya gelmek gerekir. Bu gibi y\u00f6ntemlerle, Kafkasya\u2019da bulunmayan ve bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurmaya yarayacak olan baz\u0131 folklorik k\u0131rp\u0131nt\u0131lar ya\u015fl\u0131lar aras\u0131ndan derlenebilir. Ancak Adige toplumu hala so\u011fuk sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi etkilerinden tam kurtulabilmi\u015f de\u011fildir, CHP gericili\u011fini, emekten yana bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f olan \u201csol\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmakta ve \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirebilmektedir. Bu da Adige k\u00fclt\u00fcr emek\u00e7ilerinin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zellikle ekonomik kaynak (finans\u00f6r ya da sponsor) bulmalar\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Diaspora, \u00a0kendi ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 ile yeni yeni tan\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f gibidir. <\/p>\n

    AD\u0130GE FOLKLORU, YARATICI ve UYGULAYICILARI<\/p>\n

    <\/strong> Adige folkloru, daha yukar\u0131da da de\u011findi\u011fimiz gibi b\u00fct\u00fcn Adigelerin ortak mal\u0131d\u0131r. Hangi leh\u00e7ede ya da a\u011f\u0131zda s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f olursa olsun, Abzegh, Kabardey, Besleney, \u00a0Bjedugh, Shapsugh ya da K’emguy, bu ger\u00e7ek de\u011fi\u015fmez. Bu nedenle b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgesel ya da diaspora k\u00f6kenli Adige edebiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yeri, b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer de Adige folklorudur. Adige folkloru, Adige ulusunun ruhunu yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Yaz\u0131l\u0131 edebiyatlar\u0131 bulunan uluslar\u0131n edebiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n ve bas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015fleri ve g\u00f6revleri yerine getiren ve Adige ulusunun g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ideolojik (korunma) silah\u0131 olan s\u00f6zl\u00fc halk yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, yaz\u0131l\u0131 Adige edebiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6nemine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Edebiyata ad\u0131m atan gen\u00e7 ve deneyimsiz Adige yazarlar\u0131, var olan bu s\u00f6zl\u00fc gelenekten alabildi\u011fine yararland\u0131lar. Bu gelenek Adige halk\u0131na atalar\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Tarihsel boyutuyla Adige halk gelene\u011fi, tarih\u00f6ncesinden (prehistorya), Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’ndan, Meot (\u041c\u044b\u0443\u04421), Sind, Zih, Kasoglardan, d\u0131\u015f istilac\u0131larla ve istilac\u0131 Ruslarla sava\u015fan yurtseverlerden 20\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131la de\u011fin uzanan geni\u015f bir zaman dilimini i\u00e7eriyordu. Anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, bu gelene\u011fin yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc halkt\u0131r, \u00f6zellikle de halk\u0131n kendi sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 olan “Geguak’o-V\u0131sak’o topluluklar\u0131” <\/strong>(\u0414\u0436\u044d\u0433\u0443\u0430\u043a1\u043e-\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043a1\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0445\u044d\u0440), yani “Halk \u015eark\u0131lar\u0131 ve Danslar\u0131 Topluluklar\u0131” idiler. Adige \u00dclkesi\u2019nde b\u00f6ylesine y\u00fczlerce topluluk bulunuyordu. Bu topluluklar erkeklerden olu\u015furdu. Ancak e\u011flentilerde (gegu\/\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0433\u0443), duruma g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmek \u00fczere, her ya\u015ftan insanlar ve k\u0131zlar da yer alabilir, danslara kat\u0131labilirlerdi. Bu arada kad\u0131n \u015fark\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00e7alg\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu, bir\u00e7ok beste ve \u015fark\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131nlara ait oldu\u011fu da bilinmelidir.<\/p>\n

    Bizim burada s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz topluluklar y\u00f6resel olmay\u0131p b\u00fct\u00fcn Adige y\u00f6relerini, s\u00f6zgeli\u015fi Abzegh (A\u0431\u0434\u0437\u0430\u0445) y\u00f6resinden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p di\u011fer Adige y\u00f6relerini, K\u2019emguy\u2019u, Kabardiya\u2019y\u0131, Abazalar\u0131, dahas\u0131 Nogay, Kara\u00e7ay, Balkar, vb gibi Adige\/k\u00fclt\u00fcr eklemli y\u00f6releri de gezebilen profesyonel topluluklard\u0131r. Bunlar k\u00f6y k\u00f6y b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkeyi (\u00c7erkesya’y\u0131), \u00e7o\u011funca mevsimlik olarak dola\u015f\u0131p dururlard\u0131. Yaz ya da k\u0131\u015f fark etmezdi. Topluluklar her taraftan \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 al\u0131rlard\u0131 ve arma\u011fanlarla \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilir, \u00e7oluk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7imi sa\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131. Yani sanat\u00e7\u0131 i\u00e7in kuru bir te\u015fekk\u00fcrle (Adige paras\u0131 ile) yetinilmez, ciddi destekler sa\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Bir toplulukta de\u011fi\u015fik enstr\u00fcmanlar\u0131 (\u00e7alg\u0131lar\u0131) en iyi bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7alan \u00e7alg\u0131c\u0131lar<\/strong> (p\u015f\u0131nave\/\u043f\u0449\u044b\u043d\u0430\u043e), ozanlar<\/strong> ve besteciler<\/strong> (v\u0131sak’o\/\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043a1\u043e ya da \u011f\u0131bzev\u0131s\/\u0433\u044a\u044b\u0431\u0437\u044d\u0443\u0441), \u015fark\u0131c\u0131lar<\/strong> (veredao\/\u043e\u0440\u044d\u0434\u04301\u043e) ve dans\u00e7\u0131lar<\/strong> (qyecvakvo\/\u043a\u044a\u0435\u04481\u0430\u043a1\u043e, qecuakvo\/\u043a\u044a\u044d\u0448\u044a\u0443\u0430\u043a1\u043e, qefakvo \/\u043a\u044a\u044d\u0444\u0430\u043a1\u043e) yer al\u0131rlard\u0131. Nefesli enstr\u00fcmanlar\u0131 \u00e7alanlara s\u0131r\u0131nap\u015fe (\u0441\u044b\u0440\u044b\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0449\u044d;borucu, fl\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc), kam\u0131lap\u015fe<\/strong> (\u043a\u044a\u044d\u043c\u044b\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0449\u044d;kavalc\u0131), karakam\u0131lap\u015fe<\/strong> (\u043a\u044a\u044d\u0440\u044d\u043a\u044a\u044d\u043c\u044b\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0449\u044d;ba\u015fka bir kaval t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7alan, g\u0131rnata gibi) ve nak\u0131rap\u015fe<\/strong>” (\u043d\u044d\u043a\u044a\u044b\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0449\u044d;dilsiz kaval-ney \u00e7alan) gibi adlar verilirdi. Darbuka ya da davula da \u015f’ont’\u0131p’<\/strong> (\u0448\u044a\u043e\u043d\u04421\u044b\u043f1) denirdi, ayr\u0131ca yard\u0131mc\u0131 enstr\u00fcman olarak ph\u2019e\u00e7\u2019\u0131k <\/strong>(\u043f\u0445\u044a\u044d\u043a1\u044b\u0447; \u015fak\u015fak; elle \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131lan ve bir yerinden birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tahta demetler ya da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sopalarla vurularak ses \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan \u00fcst \u00fcste b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7e iki tahta) kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Adige halk\u0131, bu sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na paha bi\u00e7ilemez bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fer verir ve onlar\u0131 el \u00fcst\u00fcnde tutard\u0131. (Bu t\u00fcr bir topluluk \u00f6rne\u011fi derlememiz i\u00e7in Bkz. “Geguak’o-v\u0131sak’o topluluklar\u0131 ve bir \u015fark\u0131 \u015f\u00f6leni”<\/strong>, internet.)<\/p>\n

    Adigeler aras\u0131nda sanata ilgi, ya\u015fam\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmez bir par\u00e7as\u0131 gibiydi ve bu ilgi geguak’o-v\u0131sak’o topluluklar\u0131 ile de s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Yukar\u0131da da de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi, kad\u0131nlar ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, her y\u00f6re ve her k\u00f6yde \u00e7ok say\u0131da sanat\u00e7\u0131 ki\u015fi ve sanatla ilgilenenler bulunurdu. Bu ki\u015filer ustala\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a topluluklara al\u0131n\u0131rlard\u0131 ya da kendileri yeni topluluklar olu\u015ftururlard\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli bir yenilenme olay\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131rd\u0131. Bu b\u00f6yle devam edip giderdi. Sanki zaman durdurulmu\u015ftu. <\/p>\n

    GEGU* (\u0414\u0416\u042d\u0413\u0423) <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Adigeler aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmekte olan en b\u00fcy\u00fck sanat g\u00f6sterilerinden birine gegu<\/strong>\u00a0 (dans g\u00f6sterisi) denirdi. Gegu bazan at g\u00f6sterileri, sava\u015f danslar\u0131, pehlivan g\u00fcre\u015fleri ve sportif yar\u0131\u015fmalar da eklenerek \u015f\u00f6len<\/strong>e (\u0435\u0449\u0445\u044d-\u0435\u0448\u044a\u043e) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilirdi. Gegu t\u00f6renleri d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnlerde (n\u0131sa\u015fe\/\u043d\u044b\u0441\u0430\u0449\u044d), sava\u015flarda, at yar\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda, g\u00fcre\u015flerde, konuk a\u011f\u0131rlamada, i\u015f esnas\u0131nda ve ya\u015fam\u0131n bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik alan\u0131nda, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi dinsel t\u00f6renlerde (thatlevu\/\u0442\u0445\u044c\u044d\u043b\u044a\u044d1\u0443) d\u00fczenlenirdi. Y\u00f6relere g\u00f6re farkl\u0131l\u0131klar i\u00e7ermelerine kar\u015f\u0131n, gegu\u2019yu y\u00f6netene hat\u0131yak\u2019o<\/strong> (\u0445\u044c\u0430\u0442\u044b\u044f\u043a1\u043e;y\u00f6netmen)\u00a0 ya da geguak\u2019o<\/strong> (\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0433\u0443\u0430\u043a1\u043e), dans\u00e7\u0131lara yine geguak\u2019o<\/strong> (oyuncu, dans\u00e7\u0131), qecuakvo<\/strong>\/ka\u015f\u00fcak\u2019o<\/strong> (\u043a\u044a\u044d\u0448\u044a\u0443\u0430\u043a1\u043e\/dans\u00e7\u0131) ya da qyecvakvo<\/strong>\/kya\u015fak\u2019o<\/strong> (oyuncu\/\u043a\u044a\u0435\u04481\u0430\u043a1\u043e) gibi adlar verilirdi. Halka a\u00e7\u0131k olan b u oyunlar\u0131 herkes oynayabilirdi, ancak oynayacak olanlar\u0131, bir disipline, bir s\u0131raya g\u00f6re, erkek ve k\u0131z hat\u0131yak\u2019o<\/strong> se\u00e7erdi, oyunu da o y\u00f6netirdi. Kimse kendi diledi\u011fince davranamaz, kar\u015f\u0131 oyuncuyu kendi belirleyemezdi. Oyunlar o an orada en uygun durumdaki ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilirdi, bunun i\u00e7in profesyonel bir hat\u0131yak\u2019o olmaya da gerek yoktu.<\/p>\n

    Profesyonel dans ve \u015fark\u0131 topluluklar\u0131 \u00fclkeyi k\u00f6y k\u00f6y dola\u015f\u0131r, bildikleri en g\u00fczel \u015feyleri \u00f6\u011fretir, gittikleri yerlerde g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri her g\u00fczel \u015feyi de \u00f6\u011frenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. Bu gezginci topluluklar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, sanat t\u00fcm \u00fclke boyutuna yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7e\u015fitlenmi\u015f olurdu. \u00d6rne\u011fin Kabardiya\u2019da s\u00f6ylenen bir \u015fark\u0131 (vered\/\u043e\u0440\u044d\u0434), k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Shapsugh ya da Bjedugh y\u00f6relerinde, o yerlerin leh\u00e7elerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olarak s\u00f6ylenmeye ba\u015flan\u0131rd\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n

    AD\u0130GE SANAT\u00c7ILARININ VE AD\u0130GE FOLKLORUNUN N\u0130TEL\u0130\u011e\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Bu t\u00fcr profesyonel sanat\u00e7\u0131 topluluklar\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n pek az \u00fclkesinde g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yerel \u00e7alg\u0131c\u0131 ve \u015fark\u0131c\u0131 topluluklardan, gezginci ve saz \u00e7al\u0131p \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen tek tek ozanlardan s\u00f6z edilebilir, davul, keman ve g\u0131rnata e\u015fli\u011findeki k\u00f6\u00e7ekli topluluklar<\/strong> ve saz \u00e7alan gezginci \u015fark\u0131c\u0131lar, \u00a0Karacao\u011flan<\/strong> gibi.<\/p>\n

    Kafkasya d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00a0\u00e7o\u011fu durumlarda sanat\u00e7\u0131, genellikle halk\u0131n hizmetinde de\u011fil, egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n hizmetindeydi. Bu nedenle, o t\u00fcr \u00f6yk\u00fc ve destanlarda halktan yana \u00f6\u011feler hep ikinci planda kalm\u0131\u015f; edebiyat ve sanat, \u00a0a\u015fk konulu \u00f6yk\u00fc ve \u015fark\u0131lar, \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131ftan ya da din adamlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6vg\u00fclerle (ilahilerle) s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle, \u00f6zellikle do\u011fulu toplumlarda ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 edebiyat\u0131<\/strong> diye bir \u015fey yoktur ya da geli\u015fememi\u015ftir. K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n Manas destan\u0131<\/strong> vard\u0131r, \u00a0ancak bu destan yabanc\u0131 (\u0130ranl\u0131) istilac\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadeleye odakl\u0131d\u0131r ve K\u0131rg\u0131z yerelli\u011fini yans\u0131t\u0131r. Manas\u2019ta istilac\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011fi vard\u0131r. Ancak Manas, Adige Nart destan\u0131<\/strong> gibi evrensel anlay\u0131\u015fta bir be\u011feniyi de\u011fil, dar bir \u00e7evre (ulus) yerelli\u011fini ve Manas\u2019\u0131n \u015fahs\u0131nda K\u0131rg\u0131z kahramanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcceltmekte, ulusa moral vermektedir. Nart destan\u0131nda b\u00f6ylesine ulus (\u0131rk\/milliyet\u00e7ilik) \u00f6vg\u00fcleri bulunmamakta, sadece k\u00f6t\u00fclerle iyileri ve bunlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerini konu edinmektedir. Ya da temelde s\u0131n\u0131fsal bir bak\u0131\u015f yatmaktad\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan b\u00fct\u00fcn iyi ve duyarl\u0131 insanlara hitap etmekte ve herkes taraf\u0131ndan ilgi ve be\u011feniyle izlenmektedir, enternasyonalisttir (uluslar\u00fcst\u00fcd\u00fcr).<\/p>\n

    Do\u011fulu gezginci ozanlar (a\u015f\u0131klar), y\u00f6netimi a\u00e7\u0131ktan ele\u015ftiremez, y\u00f6netime ve egemen s\u0131n\u0131flara \u00f6vg\u00fc d\u00fczmek, a\u015fk ve kahramanl\u0131k \u015fiirlerini dile getirmekle yetinirlerdi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ele\u015ftiriyi ya da kurallara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 engelleyen \u00e7ok sert kural ve yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar vard\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Babil<\/strong> yasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re, birinin k\u00f6lesini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmenin cezas\u0131, yerine bir k\u00f6le vermekti, ama birinin k\u00f6lesinin ka\u00e7mas\u0131na yard\u0131m etmenin cezas\u0131 idam idi. Yani \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n politik \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 konusunda \u00f6d\u00fcn yoktu. S\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda esneklik diye bir \u015fey kalm\u0131yordu. Bu kural, do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 (Roma) \u201chukuk\u201d kurallar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 (esprisi) olarak kabul edilebilir. \u0130nsanl\u0131k bu kat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yumu\u015fatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde rahatlam\u0131\u015f ve en sonunda da demokrasiyle tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Adigelerde ise, demokrasi, en ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

    S\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz o t\u00fcr toplumlarda k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 ve yasak\u00e7\u0131 kurallar ge\u00e7erliydi. Adige \u00fclkesinde ise, yasaklar kamu vicdan\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmemek zorundayd\u0131. Yani di\u011ferlerinin tersine, hem bireyi ve hem de toplumu g\u00f6zeten geli\u015fmi\u015f ve dengeli bir anlay\u0131\u015f vard\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcn bi\u00e7imiyle kimseye ayr\u0131cal\u0131k tan\u0131nm\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

    Bu s\u00f6ylediklerimizden Adige d\u0131\u015f\u0131 toplumlarda \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibisine bir anlam \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Zulm\u00fcn oldu\u011fu her yerde adalet aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 daima var olmu\u015ftur ve pek \u00e7ok kahramanlar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bir do\u011fa ve toplum kural\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Roma\u2019da Spartakus<\/strong>, T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda da Pir<\/strong> Sultan Abdal, K\u00f6ro\u011flu<\/strong> ve Dadalo\u011flu<\/strong> gibi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak bunlar \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bedeller \u00f6demi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

    Despotizmin h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc eski do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 toplumlar\u0131nda, sanat\u00e7\u0131 topluluklar\u0131, daha \u00e7ok saraylarda ve varl\u0131kl\u0131 ki\u015filerin konaklar\u0131nda ve \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n emrinde hizmet g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fler, oralardan beslenmi\u015fler ve ona g\u00f6re de yap\u0131tlar ortaya koymu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n yap\u0131tlar\u0131 uzla\u015fmac\u0131 ve edilgendirler, \u00f6ze, i\u00e7eri\u011fe de\u011fil, s\u00f6ze ve s\u00fcse \u00f6ncelik verir, ki\u015fileri \u00f6vg\u00fc niteli\u011finde y\u00fcceltirler, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131, milliyet\u00e7i ya da din ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na dayanan \u00f6zellikleri yans\u0131t\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

    Anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, Adige sanat\u00e7\u0131 topluluklar\u0131, baz\u0131 istisnalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131ftan ki\u015filerin ve y\u00f6neticilerin de\u011fil, emek\u00e7i halk\u0131n (\u0444\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1\/\u043b\u044a\u0445\u0443\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1) hizmetinde olmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Adigelerde halk egemenli\u011fi vard\u0131. Herkes halk \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu dikkate almak zorundayd\u0131. \u0130slami toplumlarda nas\u0131l \u015feriat \u00a0h\u00fck\u00fcmleri (dinsel hukuk kurallar\u0131) ge\u00e7erli idiyse, Adigelerde de geleneksel kurallar ya da khabze (\u0425\u0430\u0431\u0437\u044d;yasa) \u00a0kurallar\u0131 ge\u00e7erliydi. Derebeyleri de Adige gelene\u011fini \u00e7i\u011fneyemezlerdi, o g\u00fc\u00e7 onlarda yoktu. Kavgalar ve i\u00e7 sava\u015flar derebeylerinin gelenek\/\u0445\u0430\u0431\u0437\u044d kurallar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kma e\u011filim ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden patlak verirdi, \u00f6rne\u011fin Kabardiya\u2019daki bir\u00e7ok ayaklanman\u0131n temelinde, derebeylerinin k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri (\u043b\u044a\u0445\u0443\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1\/\u0444\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1) k\u00f6lele\u015ftirme (\u043f\u0449\u044b\u043b1\u044b yapma) ve Adige gelene\u011fine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak insan ticaretini, Tatarlar d\u00f6nemindeki gibi, yeniden ba\u015flatmaya kalk\u0131\u015fma nedenleri, vb yatmaktayd\u0131. Shapsugh, Natuhay, Hak\u2019u\u00e7, Wub\u0131h ve Abzeghler aras\u0131nda derebeyi (\u043f\u0449\u044b) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 yoktu ve bu topluluklar Adige n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturuyorlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca feodal b\u00f6lgelerde de emek\u00e7iler (k\u00f6le olmayan k\u00f6yl\u00fcler\/\u0444\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1 ve k\u00f6le k\u00f6yl\u00fcler\/\u043f\u0449\u044b\u043b1\u044b) \u00e7o\u011funluktayd\u0131 ve bunlar dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7indeydiler, gerektik\u00e7e birlikte ba\u015f kald\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131. Yar\u0131 feodal y\u00f6relerde, derebeyleri, emek\u00e7ileri k\u0131zd\u0131rmama politikalar\u0131 uygularlard\u0131. Aksi takdirde yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerin emek\u00e7ileri de -ki aralar\u0131nda akrabal\u0131k ve karde\u015flik (\u043d\u044b\u0431\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0433\u044a\u0443\u0433\u044a\u044d) ba\u011flar\u0131 vard\u0131 ve b\u00f6yle \u015feyler Adigeler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemliydi- derebeylerine ve zulme kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015fip ba\u015f kald\u0131rabilirler ve derebeylerini (\u043f\u0449\u044b-\u043e\u0440\u043a\u044a) kovabilirlerdi. Bunu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in adil davranmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ya da tersine, f\u0131rsat \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hileli yollarla emek\u00e7ileri b\u00f6lmek, onlar\u0131 birbiriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak ve bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n yan\u0131na almak gibi yollara ba\u015fvururlard\u0131. \u00d6zellikle ana Adige topluluklar\u0131ndan uza\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve izole kalm\u0131\u015f olan Kabardey emek\u00e7ileri daha zay\u0131f ve daha zor durumda idiler, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yard\u0131m bulma \u015fanslar\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131yd\u0131. Kabardey derebeyleri, emek\u00e7ilere kar\u015f\u0131 olan politik entrikalar\u0131 Tatar ve Ruslarla ili\u015fkileri sonucu ve onlarla dayan\u0131\u015farak daha da \u00e7e\u015fitlendirmi\u015flerdi. Bu t\u00fcr konular Adige folklorunda geni\u015f yer tutmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z\u00fcn k\u0131sas\u0131, derebeyleri halktan \u00e7ekiniyor, \u00a0dalavere ve entrikalar \u00e7eviriyorlar, en ac\u0131mas\u0131z cinayetleri i\u015fleyebiliyorlard\u0131. Aydemirkan <\/strong>(\u0410\u043d\u0434\u044d\u043c\u044b\u0440\u043a\u044a\u0430\u043d)\u00a0 destan\u0131 derebeyi ac\u0131mas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 konu edinmektedir. Kim olursa olsun, halk ve halk\u0131n i\u00e7indeki yi\u011fitler haks\u0131zl\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sessiz kalmazd\u0131, boyun e\u011fme anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 Adige karakterinde ve folklorunda yoktu<\/strong> ve Adigelerin Ruslar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yok olmalar\u0131n\u0131n ana nedeni de budur: Boyun e\u011fmeyi bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc kabullenememek. Nitekim Adigeler aras\u0131nda, baz\u0131 istisnalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, boyun e\u011fme ve \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131fa \u00f6vg\u00fc d\u00fczme bi\u00e7iminde edebiyat (folklor) yap\u0131tlar\u0131 yoktur. <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u201cT\u00fcrk ulusuna u\u015fakl\u0131k yapt\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015faramad\u0131m\u201d gibisine bir deyi\u015fi vard\u0131r, bu deyi\u015f tam da Adigeleri, Adige emek\u00e7i halk\u0131n\u0131 (feqolv\/\u0444\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1 toplumunu) tarif etmektedir. Adige emek\u00e7i halk\u0131 u\u015fak de\u011fil, kendi kendisinin efendisi idi.<\/p>\n

    Despotik do\u011fu toplumlar\u0131nda \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6neten sultan\u0131 ulu orta ele\u015ftirmek, e\u011fer o sultan ba\u015fta ise, sanat\u00e7\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok zor, dahas\u0131 olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Buralarda olsa olsa, ki\u015fisi (s\u00fcjesi) belirsiz bir hiciv (yergi) edebiyat\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilebilir. Darbe g\u00fcnlerinde Evren Pa\u015fam\u0131z ele\u015ftirilebilir miydi?<\/p>\n

    Adige sanat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inse, korkma gibi bir kayg\u0131 ve ele\u015ftirememe gibi bir sorun yoktu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Adige y\u00f6relerinde kitleler hakl\u0131n\u0131n ve do\u011frunun (adaletin) yan\u0131nda daima yer al\u0131rd\u0131, \u00fclke boyutunda tam bir e\u015fitlik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131, derebeyinin k\u00f6le olmayan k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri (feqolv) bile, diledikleri yerlere yerle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahiptiler. Demokratik toplum bireyleri ise, derebeylerini kendilerinden \u00fcst\u00fcn olarak g\u00f6rmezlerdi. Yar\u0131 feodal<\/strong> ve ataerkil k\u00f6leci<\/strong> topluluk ve ailelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir Adige \u00fclkesi (\u00c7erkesya tamam\u0131) d\u00fczeyinde, egemenlik halk \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa aitti, halk e\u015fit hakl\u0131 bireylerden olu\u015fuyordu ve sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda da \u00f6zg\u00fcr halk (fekol\u2019\/\u0444\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1\u2019lar) g\u00fcc\u00fc vard\u0131, zul\u00fcm, yapan\u0131n yan\u0131na kar olarak pek b\u0131rak\u0131lmazd\u0131. Derebeyleri bu y\u00fczden, yani kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve g\u00fcvenlikleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, s\u0131k s\u0131k d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerle (d\u00fc\u015fmanla) i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapma ve dayan\u0131\u015fma gere\u011fi duyuyorlard\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Kabardey derebeyleri \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 gere\u011fi, bir\u00e7ok d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7le, en son olarak da Tatarlarla, ard\u0131ndan Ruslarla (1557) \u00e7\u0131kar ili\u015fkileri kurmu\u015f, 1739\u2019da B\u00fcy\u00fck ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kabardey b\u00f6lgelerinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zla\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine de Ruslar geri \u00e7ekildiklerinden, derebeyleri a\u00e7\u0131k Rus deste\u011finden yoksun d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdi, bunu bir sonucu olarak emek\u00e7i ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, biri 1754\u2019te (Dameley<\/strong> Mams\u0131r\u0131ko<\/strong>), di\u011feri de 1767\u2019de (Kalebek<\/strong> Kip<\/strong>, Musa<\/strong> P\u015f\u0131\u011fot\u0131j<\/strong> ve Marem<\/strong> B\u0131\u00e7\u2019e<\/strong>\/\u0411\u044b\u04491\u044d<\/strong> \u041c\u0430\u0440\u044d\u043c<\/strong> \u00f6nderli\u011finde) olmak \u00fczere, iki \u00f6nemli emek\u00e7i ayaklanmas\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, hemen ard\u0131ndan, 1774\u2019te Kabardiya\u2019n\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya ilhak\u0131 ile derebeyleri yaslanacak bir \u201ca\u011fabey\u201d (Rus) bulmu\u015flard\u0131. 1796\u2019da da Shapsugh ve Abzegh k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin deste\u011fiyle Bjedugh emek\u00e7ileri, Ruslardan yard\u0131m alan kendi derebeylerini yenip topraklar\u0131ndan kovmu\u015flard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Adigeler \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck do\u011frultusunda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Bu arada Adige sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, yolculuklar\u0131 boyunca, her olas\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclerek asla bir ba\u015flar\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131lmaz, yeterli say\u0131da refakat\u00e7i e\u015fli\u011finde u\u011furlan\u0131rd\u0131, yerli dilde buna dek\u2019oten<\/strong> (\u0434\u044d\u043a1\u043e\u0442\u044d\u043d\/u\u011furlama) denirdi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc derebeyleri halk\u0131n sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7 sevmezler, \u00f6\u00e7 almak i\u00e7in gizlice f\u0131rsat kollarlard\u0131. Halk bunu biliyordu. Tehlikeli durumlarda, bir topluluk, ba\u015fka bir dek\u2019oten grubu bulunup g\u00fcvenli ellere teslim edilene de\u011fin yaln\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131lmazd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca sanat\u00e7\u0131ya uzanacak el de hemen k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, asla ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmazd\u0131. Bu sert kurallar gere\u011fi, \u00a0hem derebeyi zulm\u00fcne ge\u00e7it verilmez ve hem de sanat\u00e7\u0131ya sayg\u0131 ve koruma sa\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131. Sanat\u00e7\u0131, bu sayede ger\u00e7ek bir sanat\u00e7\u0131 olurdu: Zalimleri, korkaklar\u0131 ve k\u00f6t\u00fcleri, ister derebeyi (\u043f\u0449\u044b-\u043e\u0440\u043a\u044a), ister \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u00f6yl\u00fc (\u0444\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1), kim olurlarsa olsun, hi\u00e7 \u00e7ekinmeden yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ile birlikte ve ad da sayarak \u015fark\u0131ya (vered ve \u011f\u0131bze\u2019ye) katarlard\u0131. B\u00f6ylesine bir duruma d\u00fc\u015fmekten derebeylerinin, k\u00f6t\u00fclerin ve korkaklar\u0131n \u00f6dleri kopard\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6yle ki\u015filere kimse konuk olarak gitmez, kap\u0131s\u0131na ayak basmaz, kimseler onlar\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmaz, aras\u0131na almaz ve \u00f6yleleri bir t\u00fcr afaroza u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olurlard\u0131. \u00d6ylelerine yakla\u015fmak ki\u015finin sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrd\u00fc. Sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n duraca\u011f\u0131 yeri ve s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, kamu vicdan\u0131 ve oluru belirlerdi. B\u00f6ylesine bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ortam\u0131nda, sanat\u00e7\u0131, \u00a0d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 da nesnel (objektif) bir anlay\u0131\u015fla ele al\u0131rd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, d\u00fc\u015fman saf\u0131ndaki yi\u011fitleri, \u00f6rnek\u00e7e davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 y\u00fcceltir, Adige saf\u0131ndaki hatalar\u0131, varsa yenilginin nedenleri bir bir say\u0131l\u0131r, b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar ders al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve daha dikkatli olunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ortaya d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Yani Adige sanat\u0131, dar b\u00f6lgeci ya da milliyet\u00e7i, bir ulus yerelli\u011finin \u00f6vg\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fczg\u00fcn insanlara hitap eden, ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i ve enternasyonalist (evrenselci) karakterde bir akademi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 gibiydi. Bu nedenle Adige folkloru kom\u015fu halklar taraf\u0131ndan da kolayca benimsenmi\u015f ve evrenselci yap\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle de be\u011fenilmi\u015f ve h\u0131zla yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Adige Nart destanlar\u0131<\/strong> ** b\u00fct\u00fcn Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131 ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n Svan (\u0421\u043e\u043d\u044d) halk\u0131 aras\u0131nda da bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Az say\u0131da da olsa, \u00a0derebeylerinin konaklar\u0131nda (ha\u00e7\u2019e\u015f\/\u0445\u044c\u0430\u043a1\u044d\u0449) bar\u0131nan besleme \u015fark\u0131c\u0131lar<\/strong> da vard\u0131. Bunlar ciddiye al\u0131nmaz, alay konusu yap\u0131l\u0131r ve arkalar\u0131ndan g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    Bir de i\u015fin ba\u015fka bir yan\u0131 vard\u0131r.
    \n<\/strong>
    \n(*) <\/strong>Gegu ve geguak\u2019o\u2019daki \u201cge\u201d sesi, Kafkasya\u2019daki Adige edebiyat dillerinde \u201cge\u201d sesi bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00a0\u201cce\u201d \u00a0(ceguak\u2019o) bi\u00e7iminde okunur. \u201dGe\u201d sesi, 1945 \u00f6ncesi Shapsugh edebiyat dilinde bulunuyord, \u015fimdi dilbilimi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda ve Diaspora\u2019da (T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de) kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. -HCY
    \n(**) <\/strong>Nart destanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in Bkz. Vikipedi-Nart destanlar\u0131, ayr\u0131ca \u201cNartlar\u201d, internet, \u201dAsker Hade\u011fal, Nartlar\u201d, Jineps gazetesi, say\u0131 20-30.<\/p>\n

    S\u00d6YLENT\u0130LER\u0130N TAR\u0130H SIRALAMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

    U\u00e7an atlar\u0131n (\u0430\u043b\u044a\u043f), kahin ya da bilicilerin (\u0443\u0441\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0436\u044a), deni dibi at ve canl\u0131lar\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00fcnyay\u0131 da kapsayan Adige s\u00f6ylentileri, tarih s\u0131ras\u0131yla Adigelerin “avc\u0131l\u0131k ve toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k”, ard\u0131ndan ” yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam, tar\u0131m ve evcil hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k” \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmektedirler.<\/p>\n

    Bunlar\u0131 ise tarih \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olan olaylar, toplumsal \u00e7alkant\u0131lar ve aile ya\u015fam\u0131na ili\u015fkin konular izlemektedir.<\/p>\n

    S\u00f6zl\u00fc gelene\u011fimizin ba\u015fl\u0131ca t\u00fcrleri \u015fark\u0131lar (vered\/\u043e\u0440\u044d\u0434) ve t\u00fcrk\u00fcler (\u043f\u0449\u044b\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044a) ile bimece (\u0445\u044b\u0440\u044b\u0445\u044b\u0445\u044c;\u043a\u044a\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0445\u044c-\u043a\u044a\u043e\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0449\u0445), atas\u00f6z\u00fc (\u0433\u0443\u0449\u044b1\u044d\u0436\u044a), masal (\u043f\u0448\u044b\u0441\u044d, \u0442\u0445\u044b\u0434\u044d, \u0442\u0445\u044b\u0434\u044d\u0436\u044a), \u00f6yk\u00fc (\u0445\u044a\u0438\u0448\u044a\u044d), tekerleme (\u043a\u044a\u0435\u0431\u0436\u044d\u043a1), vb’dir. Anlat\u0131mlarda s\u0131k s\u0131k mecaza (\u04471\u044d\u0433\u044a\u04471\u044d\u043b\u044a\u044b\u0431\u0437\u044d) ba\u015fvurulur.<\/p>\n

    S\u00f6zl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u00e7inde en geni\u015f yeri Adige Yi\u011fitlik Destan\u0131 “Nartlar” tutmaktad\u0131r. (Daha \u00e7ok bilgi i\u00e7in Jineps gazetesi, say\u0131 20-31 ve izleyen say\u0131lar;ayr\u0131ca “Nart destanlar\u0131”-Vikipedi;”Nartlar”, CircassianCanada, Uzunyayla. Com, internet.) Nart destan\u0131, 1946-1968 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda derlenen ve biriktirilen 705 tekstin bir araya getirilmesiyle 1968-1971 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Maykop’ta yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Destan yeni derlemelerle bu y\u0131llarda 8 cilde ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Destan 31 b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Her bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm ayr\u0131 bir Nart kahraman\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131na ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Nart destan\u0131 \u00e7ok eski, yani s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z ilkel toplum d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131, anaerkil aileden ataerkil aileye ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecini ve daha sonraki demokratik ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f d\u00f6nemlerini konu edinmektedir. Setenay-gua\u015fe ve o\u011flu Savs\u0131r\u0131ko (Kabardey s\u00f6yleyi\u015fiyle “Sosr\u0131ko) destan\u0131n ana ki\u015filerindendir. Savs\u0131r\u0131ko bir ta\u015f i\u00e7inden k\u0131zg\u0131n bir o\u011flan bi\u00e7iminde \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, Demirciler Piri Nart Tlep\u015f taraf\u0131ndan yedi kez suya dald\u0131r\u0131larak so\u011futulmu\u015f, ancak Tlep\u015f’in ma\u015fa ile tuttu\u011fu dizleri su de\u011fmedi\u011finden yumu\u015fak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6niyle topuklar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kendisine silah i\u015flemeyen Grekleri A\u015fil’ine benzemektedir. Savs\u0131r\u0131ko’nun teyze \u00e7ocu\u011fu \u015eebat\u0131n\u0131ko ise salt bir kahramanl\u0131k \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Yeme i\u00e7me ya da k\u0131z ve e\u011flence pe\u015finde dolan\u0131p duran biri de\u011fildir. Di\u011fer bir kahraman olan Peterez’in babas\u0131, aha anne karn\u0131ndayken \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, onu c\u00fcce bir toplumdan gelin al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan \u0130sp-gua\u015fe b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fc. Ona da silah i\u015flemiyordu. Savs\u0131r\u0131ko gibi bir bilici (kahin) kad\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla Peterez’in de s\u0131rr\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenildi ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Nebg\u0131r\u0131yeko \u015e’evay (\u041d\u044d\u0431\u0433\u044b\u0440\u044b\u0435\u043a\u044a\u043e \u0428\u044a\u044d\u0443\u0430\u0439), Nebg\u0131r\u0131ye ya da Naribgen adl\u0131 dev bir kad\u0131ndan do\u011fmad\u0131r ve Kanc’\u0131n (\u041a\u044a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0436) o\u011fludur. At\u0131 Cem\u0131dej (\u0414\u0436\u044d\u043c\u044b\u0434\u044d\u0436\u044a), yi\u011fit olmyan bir biniciyi istemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in tipsiz g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir, ama ate\u015fle oynayan bu delikanl\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce onun at\u0131 olmay\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir, ak\u0131ll\u0131d\u0131r ve konu\u015fur. Nart A\u015femez ise g\u00fczeller g\u00fczeli La\u015f\u0131n’\u0131n sevdi\u011fidir. Nart Ad\u0131y\u0131f ise, dirseklerinden \u0131\u015f\u0131k sa\u00e7\u0131lan ve geceleri seferden d\u00f6nen Nartlar\u0131n yolunu ayd\u0131nlat\u0131p keten k\u00f6pr\u00fcden ge\u00e7melerini sa\u011flayan bir kad\u0131nd\u0131r. Anaerki ve ataerkil \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Ad\u0131y\u0131f \u00fczerine tekstlere yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Adige Yi\u011fitlik Destan\u0131 Nartlar, anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, Milat ya da daha ileri bir anlamda tarih\u00f6ncesinin (prehistorya) s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z toplumunu anlatmaktad\u0131r, yani binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6ncesini, Kafkasya’n\u0131n en eski dedelerinin ve ninelerinin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze getirmektedir. Dili de \u00e7ekicidir, ama bir\u00e7ok Adige leh\u00e7esinde s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f tekstlerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u015eark\u0131, t\u00fcrk\u00fc ve d\u00fczanlat\u0131m karmas\u0131 bi\u00e7imindedir. Destan’daki bir\u00e7ok \u00f6\u011feler eski Grek destanlar\u0131n\u0131 an\u0131msatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Destan hakk\u0131nda en geni\u015f bilgi yukar\u0131da g\u00f6sterilen kaynaklardan edinilebilir.<\/p>\n

    Adige folklorunda tanr\u0131lar \u00fczerine geni\u015f halk anlat\u0131mlar\u0131 da bulunmaktad\u0131r. Adigeler tanr\u0131lar i\u00e7inden en \u00e7ok Mez\u0131tha, Tha\u011feleg, Am\u0131\u015f (Yem\u0131\u015f), Akh\u0131n (\u0410\u0445\u044b\u043d) gibi yer tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kendilerinden biriymi\u015f gibi sever ve sayarlard\u0131.
    \nTha (Ba\u015f tanr\u0131), Zevatha (Sava\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131) ve \u015e\u0131ble’den (Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m tanr\u0131s\u0131) \u00e7ok korkarlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Su (\u0131rmak) ve Deniz tanr\u0131lar\u0131 da vard\u0131. (Bu konuda bkz. \u00c7erkesya’da de\u011fi\u015fik dinlere ait yer adlar\u0131, internet)<\/p>\n

    Adige bilmeceleri genellikle insanlarca evcille\u015ftirilmi\u015f ev hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131, i\u015f aletlerini ve ev e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 konu edinmi\u015flerdir. Adige atas\u00f6zleri ise, toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn kesitlerini konu edinmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Adige halk \u00f6yk\u00fcleri (\u0445\u044a\u0438\u0448\u044a\u044d, \u0445\u044a\u044b\u0431\u0430\u0440, \u0442\u0430\u0443\u0440\u044b\u0445\u044a) birer d\u00fczyaz\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi olup belli bir gelene\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131rlar;\u00f6yk\u00fclerin kayna\u011f\u0131 “insan ya\u015fam\u0131na ve insan \u00f6zlemlerine” dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, \u00f6yk\u00fcler farkl\u0131 be\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r:
    \n1.<\/strong> Bitki ve hayvan \u00f6yk\u00fcleri,
    \n2. <\/strong>Masallar,
    \n3. <\/strong>Ser\u00fcven, evlenme ve mal-m\u00fclk edinme,
    \n4. <\/strong>Tarihsel konulu ve s\u00f6ylence (efsane) tipi \u00f6yk\u00fcler,
    \n5.<\/strong> Toplum ya\u015fam\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00f6yk\u00fcler (Daha \u00e7ok bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Adige Edebiyat\u0131, Kafkasya K\u00fcl. Der. , say\u0131 39-42).<\/p>\n

    \u00d6yk\u00fcler i\u00e7inde ev ya\u015fam\u0131na ya da toplum ya\u015fam\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6yk\u00fcler en geni\u015f yeri tutar. Bu haz\u0131r \u00f6yk\u00fcler, 1920 sonras\u0131nda do\u011fan gen\u00e7 Adige edebiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n (Kabardey, \u015eerces, Adige ve Shapsugh) d\u00fczyaz\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin h\u0131zla geli\u015fmelerinde yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00c7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli ve de\u011fi\u015fik konulara de\u011finen s\u00f6zl\u00fc t\u00fcrler, bir tarih s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 da (kronoloji) izlemektedirler. Ger\u00e7ek d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve fantastik (d\u00fc\u015fsel) yanlar\u0131 ay\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu \u00f6yk\u00fcler tarihsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fe ve bir\u00e7ok olaylara \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacak ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00f6z\u00fc yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu \u00f6yk\u00fcler Adige halklar\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fini ger\u00e7e\u011fe en yak\u0131n bir bi\u00e7imde dile getirmektedirler. Bu \u00f6yk\u00fcler sosyalist ele\u015ftirmenlerin de vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, yalanc\u0131 de\u011fil, ger\u00e7ek\u00e7idirler (Bkz. A. \u015eorten, \u041a\u044a\u044d\u0431\u044d\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u044d\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044d\u043c \u0442\u044d\u0443\u0445\u0443\u0430 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0445\u044d\u0440, Nal\u00e7ik, s. 33).<\/p>\n

    “Adige folklorunda sava\u015fa \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 yapan ve sava\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6ven tek bir \u00f6rnek bile yoktur. Bu durum halk\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve insanca duygular ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hasta d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri d\u0131\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir” (Daha \u00e7ok bilgi i\u00e7in bk. Age, s. 45). Adige s\u00f6zl\u00fc anlat\u0131mlar\u0131nda, egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ideolojisini yans\u0131tan baz\u0131 istisnalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u0131rk ve ulus ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 yapan ve insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 say\u0131labilecek \u00f6\u011feler de bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Adige s\u00f6zl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, \u00f6zellikle 10’uncu y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak bulan\u0131kl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kmakta ve durulu\u011fa kavu\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. Kahramanl\u0131k \u00fczerine anlat\u0131mlar aras\u0131nda\u00a0 “Aydemirkan”<\/strong> (Kab. \u0410\u043d\u0434\u044d\u043c\u044b\u0440\u043a\u044a\u0430\u043d) ve Ko\u00e7’as<\/strong> (\u041a\u044a\u043e\u043a1\u0430\u0441) \u00fczerine olanlar \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    Birka\u00e7\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u015fark\u0131lar, \u00f6yk\u00fcleri de eklenmeden s\u0131rf \u015fark\u0131 (\u015fiir) yoluyla olaylar\u0131 anlatamamaktad\u0131rlar. Bu nedenle s\u00f6zl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnler daha \u00e7ok birer \u015fark\u0131 (\u015fiir) ve \u00f6yk\u00fc karmalar\u0131 bi\u00e7imindedirler.<\/p>\n

    18 ve 19’uncu y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’s\u0131n\u0131n Adigelere kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 istila, etnik temizlik ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m hareketine kar\u015f\u0131, Adigelerin s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 anlatan s\u00f6zl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcn bir demokratik anlay\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6rnek insanc\u0131l \u00f6zelliklerle donanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. S\u00f6zgeli\u015fi b\u00fcy\u00fck Adige\/Kabardey yazar\u0131 Askerbi \u015eorten <\/strong>(\u0428\u044d\u0440\u04421\u0430\u043d\u044d \u0410\u0441\u043a\u044d\u0440\u0431\u044b\u0439) \u015funlar\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r: “\u00d6nce \u015furas\u0131n\u0131 belirtmeliyiz:18 ve 19’ncu y\u00fczy\u0131llarda olu\u015fturulmu\u015f olan halk \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131 Adigeleri Kabardiya, \u015eerces (\u015fimdiki Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya) ve Adigey gibi y\u00f6re adlar\u0131na dayand\u0131rarak b\u00f6lm\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Ulusa y\u00f6nelik bir sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131, bir felaketi anlatan herhangi bir \u015fark\u0131 Kabardey, \u015eerces (Kabardey ve Besleney) ve Shapsugh y\u00f6relerinde ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde s\u00f6yleniyor ve kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yordu. “Felaket kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn Bjedughlar karde\u015ftir” <\/em>\u00f6zdeyi\u015fini an\u0131msat\u0131rcas\u0131na, folklorumuz da ulusumuzu olu\u015fturan bu topluluklar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcne tek bir y\u00fcrek, tek bir \u00e7ehre ve tek bir ulus bi\u00e7iminde yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halk gelene\u011fimiz her zaman i\u00e7in insanca \u00a0bir anlay\u0131\u015fa (h\u00fcmanizme) ve evrenselli\u011fe (enternasyonalizme) \u00f6ncelik vermektedir. S\u00f6zgeli\u015fi “Elm\u0131shan A\u011fl\u0131yor, Han\u0131y Ps\u0131\u011fo da G\u00f6zya\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 D\u00f6k\u00fcyor” adl\u0131 \u015fark\u0131 Kabardey, Bjedugh, Abaza (Abazin) ve \u015eerceslerde (\u015fimdiki Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya’daki Kabardey ve Besleneylerde) bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u015eark\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc de \u00f6z bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirine uymaktad\u0131r” <\/strong>(Age, s. 45 ;parantez i\u00e7indekiler ve yaz\u0131 koyula\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, vb bize aittir. -HCY).<\/p>\n

    \u015eimdi yukar\u0131daki insanc\u0131ll\u0131k ve evrenselcili\u011fi kan\u0131tlayan ve \u00fcnl\u00fc Adige yazar ve derlemeci \u015eaban K’ube<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan \u00dcrd\u00fcn’den 1950’lerde Kual Hatko’<\/strong>dan (\u0425\u044c\u0430\u0442\u043a\u044a\u043e \u041a\u044a\u0443\u0430\u043b) Abzegh (\u0410\u0431\u0434\u0437\u0430\u0445) leh\u00e7esinde derlenmi\u015f olan iki \u00f6rnek \u015fark\u0131 sunal\u0131m. \u015eark\u0131lar\u0131n ilki “Halklar\u0131n Karde\u015fli\u011fi”, <\/strong>ikincisi de\u00a0 “Yurt Sevgisi”<\/strong> konular\u0131n\u0131 i\u015flemektedir. \u0130lki “Thavye\u011f-mez”\/”\u0422\u0445\u044c\u044d1\u0435\u0433\u044a-\u043c\u044d\u0437”<\/strong> (Tha\u00e7a\u011f Orman\u0131)* <\/strong>ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    “Rus ordusu, bizi, Tha\u00e7a\u011f orman\u0131 y\u00f6resindeki topraklar\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor\/Bu koca ordunun ba\u015f\u0131ndaki subaylar, askerleri \u00fcst\u00fcm\u00fcze y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyorlar\u2026 \/Birer emir kulu durumundaki bu erleri korku salarak\u00a0 (k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 zoruyla) denetim alt\u0131nda tutuyorlar\/Birli\u011finden ka\u00e7abilmi\u015f \u00e7ok say\u0131da asker (er) saflar\u0131m\u0131za kat\u0131l\u0131yor\u2026\/Bize s\u0131\u011f\u0131nanlar\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fc g\u00f6zle de\u011fil, karde\u015f\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yoruz\/Bizler ayn\u0131 soydan (ulustan) olmasak da, onlar bize kar\u015f\u0131 karde\u015f\u00e7e g\u00f6revler \u00fcstleniyorlar\/Ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki komutanlar\u0131n\u0131 yakalamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyorlar\/Bizden yakalanm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131 da esir kamplar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131yorlar”. <\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u015eark\u0131, ezilenlerin sald\u0131rganlara kar\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131l karde\u015f\u00e7e bir enternasyonalist (uluslar\u00fcst\u00fc) dayan\u0131\u015fma kurabilmi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 dile sergilemektedir. <\/p>\n

    Anayurt \u015eark\u0131s\u0131<\/strong> (\u0425\u044d\u043a\u0443\u0436\u044a\u044b\u043c \u044b\u0433\u044a\u044b\u0431\u0437\/Xekuzh\u0131m y\u0131\u011f\u0131bz) adl\u0131 ikinci \u015fark\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zlerinin o zamanki Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi Adige\/V\u0131b\u0131h \u00f6nde gelenlerinden Berzeg Gerand\u0131ko Hace’<\/strong>ye (\u0411\u044d\u0440\u0437\u044d\u0434\u0436 \u0414\u0436\u044d\u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b\u043a\u044a\u043e \u0425\u044c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u044d) ait oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmektedir:<\/p>\n

    “Bu \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, susun ve kulaklar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 d\u00f6rt a\u00e7\u0131n, duyduklar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 da kalbinizde saklay\u0131n.<\/p>\n

    Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131 yitirdik, ama insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 yitirmedik.<\/p>\n

    Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman ordusu kazand\u0131, ama kazand\u0131ranlar i\u00e7imizden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    ‘Odun k\u00fcsk\u00fcn\u00fcn paralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 odundur’\u00a0 derler, bizi de paralayanlar bu i\u00e7imizden \u00e7\u0131kanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Yurdumuzu terk ediyoruz, ama onu sonsuza de\u011fin y\u00fcre\u011fimizde ta\u015f\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

    Kaderimize boyun e\u011fip o yerlerde kalacak olursak, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n bize yapaca\u011f\u0131 i\u015flem (k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckler) bellidir.<\/p>\n

    Bize uygulanacak onca a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k i\u015flemden sonra, asla ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131z dik gezemeyiz.<\/p>\n

    \u00dclkemizi \u015fimdilik terk ediyoruz, ama ama\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 asla terk edemeyiz.<\/p>\n

    Bir anne gibi sevdi\u011fimiz \u00f6z \u00fclkemizi g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz gerilerde terk edip gidiyoruz.<\/p>\n

    Gemideki gen\u00e7lerin bir\u00e7o\u011funun g\u00f6zlerinden ya\u015flar d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

    Yurdu terk etmeyi kendine yediremeyen bir\u00e7ok gen\u00e7 koca denize atl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

    Dalgalarla bo\u011fu\u015farak Kafkas topra\u011f\u0131na yeniden ayak bas\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

    Ve Tha\u00e7a\u011f Orman\u0131’na var\u0131p son direni\u015fe (**) kat\u0131l\u0131yorlar. <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Kaynak: \u015eaban Kube<\/strong>, Adighe Folklor, NewYork, ABD, 1963, No. 3, s. 55).
    \n(*) Tha\u00e7a\u011f-mez<\/strong> (Kutsal Orman)-Adigey’de her y\u00f6rede Orman ve Avc\u0131lar Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Mez\u0131tha<\/strong>‘n\u0131n orada ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve onun taraf\u0131ndan korundu\u011funa inan\u0131lan orman. -HCY
    \n(**) Son direni\u015f<\/strong> ya da Hacret Zav<\/strong>-1870’li y\u0131llara ya da yok edilmelerine de\u011fin Adige\/Hak’u\u00e7lar\u0131n (\u0425\u044c\u0430\u043a1\u0443\u0446\u0443) ve onlara kat\u0131lan Adigelerin s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc direni\u015f (Daha \u00e7ok bilgi i\u00e7in Bkz. Hak’u\u00e7, internet).<\/p>\n

    Adige toplumu, kendi d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc (ideolojisini), en \u00f6zg\u00fcn ve en a\u00e7\u0131k\u00a0 bi\u00e7imiyle kendi folklorunda yans\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Adige folkloru, daha yukar\u0131larda da de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi SSCB d\u00f6neminde ve sonras\u0131nda devlet\u00e7e, Diaspora’da da \u00f6zel ki\u015filer eliyle toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar ar\u015fivlendi\u011fi gibi, \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    AD\u0130GELERDE YAZI<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Adige atalar\u0131 Sind<\/strong> ve Meotlar\u0131n<\/strong> (\u041c\u044b\u0443\u04421\u044d\u0445\u044d\u0440) Milat \u00f6ncesinde yaz\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131. Daha yukar\u0131da da de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi (Daha \u00e7ok bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Adige dili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc), bu yaz\u0131lar hen\u00fcz inceleme a\u015famas\u0131ndad\u0131r. Adigelerin (Kabardeylerin) MS 16’\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda yeniden yaz\u0131lar\u0131 olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1557’de Kabardeyler ile Ruslar aras\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m Tatar egemenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 bir dayan\u0131\u015fma kurulmu\u015ftu. Kabardeylerin Ruslarca koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 sonucu Rus Ortodoks mezhebi Kabardeyler aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu geli\u015fimin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak da mezar ta\u015flar\u0131na Adigece olarak \u00f6l\u00fc adlar\u0131 ve yaz\u0131lar yaz\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (Bu bir H\u0131ristiyan dini gelene\u011fi idi). Ancak, daha sonra, herhalde Rus bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yeniden terk edilerek politeizme ya da \u0130slama d\u00f6n\u00fclmesi sonucu mezar ta\u015flar\u0131na yaz\u0131 yaz\u0131lmas\u0131na son verildi (\u0425\u044c. \u0428. \u0423\u0440\u044b\u0441, \u0410\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044d \u0442\u0445\u044b\u0431\u0437\u044d\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0445\u044b\u0434\u044d, s. 6, 12). Baz\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kesimlerinde mezar yeri i\u015faretlenmemekte ve yaz\u0131 yaz\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r. Adige M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar da mezarlara \u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn kim oldu\u011funu belirten yaz\u0131lar yazm\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Daha sonra Adigeler aras\u0131nda Arap harflerinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve daha \u00e7ok dinsel i\u00e7erikli Adigece yaz\u0131lar (dualar) yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Ancak y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131 bulan bu uzun d\u00f6neme ili\u015fkin yeterli bilgi sunacak durumda de\u011filiz. Bu t\u00fcr konulardaki bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar halen s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Ki\u015fisi belli yaz\u0131lar 19’uncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda belirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6ylentilere g\u00f6re ilk Adigece yaz\u0131 ve alfabe, Adigelerin en ayd\u0131n ve en demokrat topluluklar\u0131ndan biri olan Shapsughlar aras\u0131ndan yeti\u015fmi\u015f \u015eerel’\u0131ko Net’avko Hace’<\/strong>ye (\u0428\u044d\u0440\u044d\u043b1\u044b\u043a\u044a\u043e \u041d\u044d\u04421\u0430\u0443\u043a\u044a\u043e \u0425\u044c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u044d)\u00a0 aittir. Ancak bu bilinen ilk Adige alfabesi bask\u0131lar \u00fczerine bizzat yazar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yazara ait oldu\u011fu san\u0131lan bir \u015fiirin Rus\u00e7as\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze eri\u015febilmi\u015ftir (\u0410. \u0425\u044c. \u0425\u044c\u0430\u043a1\u0443\u0430\u0449\u044d, \u042f\u043f\u044d\u0440\u044d \u0430\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044d \u0442\u0445\u0430\u043a1\u043e\u0445\u044d\u0440\/\u0130lk Adige Yazarlar\u0131, \u041d\u0430\u043b\u0448\u044b\u043a, 1974, s. 184).<\/p>\n

    Daha sonra de\u011fi\u015fik ki\u015filerce haz\u0131rlanan Adige alfabeleri \u00e7o\u011falmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu da ulusal uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n artmakta oldu\u011funu i\u015faret ediyordu. Bu alfabeler genellikle Arap harfleri, az say\u0131da da Rus harfleri, daha az say\u0131da da Latin harfleri esas al\u0131narak haz\u0131rlan\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Ekim 1917 Sovyet Devrimi \u00f6ncesinde Adigece art\u0131k okunup yaz\u0131lan bir dil haline gelmi\u015fti. Bu konuyu ba\u015fka bir b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ele almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

    \u0130LK EDEB\u0130YAT \u00dcR\u00dcNLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Sovyetler \u00f6ncesinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnleri tan\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 ve de\u011ferlendirici \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar Adige enstit\u00fcleri, \u00f6zellikle Kabardey-Balkar bilimsel enstit\u00fcs\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar halen\u00a0 devam etmektedir. Bu t\u00fcrde edebiyat \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin ortak \u00f6zelliklerini de \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz:<\/p>\n

    1<\/strong>)<\/strong> Edebiyat\u0131n kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer folklordur ve ona s\u0131k\u0131ca ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    2<\/strong>)<\/strong> Edebiyat \u00fcr\u00fcnleri de\u011fi\u015fik yerlerde, de\u011fi\u015fik leh\u00e7e ve a\u011f\u0131zlarda ve de\u011fi\u015fik alfabelerle yaz\u0131ld\u0131 (Arap, Kiril ve Latin harfleriyle). Yaz\u0131lanlar\u0131n sadece bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yay\u0131nlanabildi.<\/p>\n

    3<\/strong>)<\/strong> Bu d\u00f6nem Adige yazarlar\u0131, sadece edebiyatla de\u011fil, folklor, dil, tarih ve politika gibi konularla da ilgilendiler.<\/p>\n

    4<\/strong>)<\/strong> Edebiyat yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc emek\u00e7i halktan (feqolv\/\u0444\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1\/\u043b\u044a\u0445\u0443\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1), di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin (p\u015f\u0131 ve verk\/\u043f\u0449\u044b-\u043e\u0440\u043a\u044a) ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerin (Rus y\u00f6netimi) d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc (\u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131) yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    5)<\/strong> Bu da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k edebiyat \u00fcr\u00fcnleri okullarda okunan, kitleler aras\u0131na yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ve \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc olarak i\u015flenen bir oturmu\u015f edebiyat\u0131n yap\u0131tlar\u0131 olma durumuna, tam anlam\u0131yla\u00a0 eri\u015fmemi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

    Sadece Shapsugh<\/strong> leh\u00e7esinde Adigece T\u00fcrkiye’de bir ibadet (\u0130slam) dili haline gelmi\u015fti. Bu geli\u015fimin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak “Ad\u0131ghe Meul\u0131d\/\u0410\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044d \u041c\u044d\u0443\u043b\u044b\u0434) <\/strong>(\u00c7erkes\u00e7e Mevlid) 1906’da D\u00fczceli din bilginleri Abdurrahman Efendi, H. Zekeriya Efendi <\/strong>ve Yusuf Efendi<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan Adigece’nin Shapsugh leh\u00e7esinde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Shapsughca, dinsel i\u00e7eri\u011fi a\u011f\u0131r basmakla birlikte, yaz\u0131lan ve okullarda okunan bir dil <\/strong>haline gelmi\u015ftir. Adigece Mevlid, T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme i\u00e7erikli fa\u015fist bask\u0131lar\u0131n giderek yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, 1950’li y\u0131llara de\u011fin, gizlice okunmu\u015f ve \u00f6\u011fretilmi\u015ftir. Adigece Mevlid’in ikinci bask\u0131s\u0131 ise 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (*).<\/p>\n

    SOVYETLER \u00d6NCES\u0130 AD\u0130GE EDEB\u0130YATI<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Sovyetler ya da 1920 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6ncesi Adige edebiyat\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00fcmektedir. Bu konuda okul kitaplar\u0131nda, edebiyat tarihi \u00fczerine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda, dergi, gazete ve bilimsel yay\u0131nlarda yer alm\u0131\u015f makale ve yaz\u0131lara rastlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bu son y\u0131llarda konu ile ilgili yay\u0131nlarda bir art\u0131\u015f vard\u0131r. 1974’te Nal\u00e7ik’te yay\u0131nlanan A. H. Hak’ua\u015fe’<\/strong>nin “\u0130lk Adige Yazarlar\u0131”<\/strong>\u00a0 adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda ilk Adige yazarlar\u0131 Kaz-Geriy<\/strong> (1807-1863), Han-Geriy, Adil-Geriy<\/strong> (1821-1876), Net’av o\u011flu (Net\u2019avko) \u015eerl\u2019\u0131ko M\u0131hamet Hace<\/strong>, Wumar B\u0131rsey <\/strong> (bkz. internet) ve Yuri Kazbek<\/strong> tan\u0131t\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Daha ba\u015fka yay\u0131nlar da vard\u0131r, \u00f6rne\u011fin Prof. Abu \u015ehalaho<\/strong>\u2019nun \u201cGer\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik, Bir \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fctt\u00fcr\u201d<\/strong> (\u0428\u044a\u044b\u043f\u043a\u044a\u044b\u0433\u044a\u044d\u0440-\u0428\u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u043a\u044a\u044d:Maykop, 1990) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda da\u00a0 \u00f6nemli bilgiler sunulmaktad\u0131r: Net\u2019av o\u011flu<\/strong>\u00a0 \u015eerel\u2019\u0131ko M\u0131hamet Hace\u2019nin<\/strong> alfabesi (19\u2019ncu y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131), ayr\u0131ca Wumar B\u0131rsey<\/strong> (\u0411\u044d\u0440\u0441\u044d\u0439 \u0423\u043c\u0430\u0440;1853), An\u00e7oko Hacebek<\/strong> (\u0410\u043d\u0446\u043e\u043a\u044a\u043e \u0425\u044c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0431\u044d\u0447;1878) ve daha ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n Arap harfleri, Gratsilevski<\/strong> (1829), Hanger\u0131y<\/strong> (\u0425\u044a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0440\u044b\u0439;1830), Lyule<\/strong> (\u041b\u044e\u043b\u044c\u0435;1840) ve Uslar<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n (\u0423\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0440) alfabeleri (1887) Rus harfleri \u00fczerinden d\u00fczenlenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

    Daha yukar\u0131da de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi, halk s\u00f6ylentilerine ve baz\u0131 Rus\u00e7a belgelere g\u00f6re, bilinen ilk Adige yazar\u0131 Shapsughyal\u0131 Net’avko \u015eerel\u2019\u0131ko M\u0131hamet Hace ya da k\u0131sa ad\u0131yla Netavko Hace\u2019dir. Adige ayd\u0131n\u0131 Sultan K\u0131r\u0131m-Geriy<\/strong>‘in (\u0421\u0443\u043b\u04421\u0430\u043d \u041a\u044a\u044b\u043c\u0447\u044d\u0440\u044b\u0439) sundu\u011fu 1865 tarihli bir bilgiyi aktaran \u00a0Rus yazar\u0131 N. D. Pomandruyko<\/strong>‘nun kay\u0131tlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Net’avko Hace, Shapsugh soylusu Zaneko Sefer Bey<\/strong>‘in* muhalifi idi. . . ve Zaneko\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik “farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in k\u00f6y\u00fcnde onu sevmeyenler vard\u0131” (\u0130lk Adige Yazarlar\u0131, s. 184). Burada, hemen her eski Adige ayd\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelen zorluklar ile Net\u2019avko Hace\u2019nin de kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim Net’avko Hace, haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ilk Adigece alfabe ve okuma kitab\u0131n\u0131 (1814 y\u0131l\u0131), anadilini de\u011fil de Arap\u00e7ay\u0131 savunan din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc (p\u015f\u0131-verk) s\u0131n\u0131ftan ki\u015filerin bask\u0131lar\u0131 sonucu kendi yakmak zorunda kald\u0131. (age, s. 184-185; ayr\u0131ca bkz. \u0410\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044d \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u044d \u043b\u0438\u0442\u044d\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044d\u0440 \u044f VII-VIII \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0445\u044d\u043c \u0430\u043f\u0430\u0435, \u041c\u044b\u0435\u043a\u044a\u0443\u0430\u043f\u044d, 1969, \u043d. 20;\u0410\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044d \u0442\u0445\u044b\u0431\u0437\u044d\u043c \u0438\u0442\u0445\u044b\u0434\u044d, \u041d\u0430\u043b\u0448\u044b\u043a, 1968, \u043d. 93)<\/p>\n

    Ancak Net’avko Hace’nin 1858’de \u00f6len Zaneko Sefer Bey’in mezar\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda okudu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenen Adigece bir yergi \u015fiirinin Rus\u00e7a \u00e7evirisi, 1865’te Sultan K\u0131r\u0131m-Geriy taraf\u0131ndan da yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (age, 184-185) Bu \u00e7eviri \u015fiir d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yazardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze eri\u015fen bir yap\u0131t kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

    \u0130kinci yazar Rus\u00e7a olarak “Haj\u0131t\u0131\u011foy Vadisi”<\/strong> ve “\u0130ran Vecizesi”<\/strong> adl\u0131 \u00f6yk\u00fcleri 1835-1836 y\u0131llar\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan Kaz-Geriy<\/strong>‘dir (\u041a\u044a\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0440\u044b\u0439). 19\u2019uncu y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalma el yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, Adige yaz\u0131l\u0131 edebiyat\u0131, ayn\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu yaz\u0131lar anadilinde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmaktan \u00e7ok, Rus\u00e7a yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Kaz-Geriy\u2019in \u201cHaj\u0131t\u0131\u011foy Vadisi\u201d adl\u0131 uzun \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc 1836\u2019da Pu\u015fkin<\/strong>\u2019in yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir dergide, Pu\u015fkin<\/strong> ve Gogol<\/strong>\u2019un yap\u0131tlar\u0131 ile birlikte yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu demokratik giri\u015fim, monar\u015fist Rus y\u00f6netiminin sert tepkilerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve bir daha b\u00f6yle yaz\u0131lar yazmamas\u0131 konusunda uyar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

    14 Mart 1853\u2019de Wumar B\u0131rsey\u2019in Arap harfleri ile yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk Adigece Okuma Kitab\u0131<\/strong> yay\u0131nland\u0131. Bu kitap Adigece yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ilk kitapt\u0131r. Bu nedenle 14 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc Adigece G\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong> olarak b\u00fct\u00fcn Adigeler (Kabardey, \u015eerces, Shapsugh ve Diaspora) taraf\u0131ndan kutlanmaktad\u0131r. 1908-1912 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Adige ayd\u0131n\u0131 Tamb\u0131y Pago<\/strong>, L. G. Lapitinski<\/strong> ile birlikte Rus harfleri \u00fczerinden Adigece yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok say\u0131da s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u00a0 \u015fiiri derleyip yay\u0131nland\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Bunlar\u0131 ve Rus\u00e7a yazm\u0131\u015f olan di\u011fer yazarlar\u0131 bir yana b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, Adigece yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f el yaz\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kalm\u0131\u015f olan Adige yazarlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan\u0131 Bekmirza o\u011flu \u015eor NEGUME<\/strong> (1794-1844)’dir. \u015eor Negume’den, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Adigece ve Rus\u00e7a yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f el yazmalar\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar ulusal ve tarihsel anlamda Adige tarih, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n, tarihsel anlamda paha bi\u00e7ilemez de\u011ferdeki yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu yap\u0131tlar s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin, feodal bask\u0131 ve ba\u011fnaz gericili\u011fin birle\u015fti\u011fi kapkaranl\u0131k bir d\u00f6nemde ulusunun ayd\u0131nl\u0131k yar\u0131nlar\u0131 u\u011fruna u\u011fra\u015f vermi\u015f \u00f6zverili ve bilin\u00e7li bir ulus evlad\u0131n\u0131n yeti\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funun bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eor Negume, 1840\u2019da Rus\u00e7a olarak bir \u201cAdigece Dilbilgisi\u201d<\/strong> kitab\u0131 ile \u201cAdige Halk\u0131n\u0131n Tarihi\u201d<\/strong> adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131. 1843\u2019de \u201cAydemirkan\u201d, \u00a0\u201cTatartup Sava\u015f\u0131\u201d , \u00a0\u201cKulkuj\u0131n Sava\u015f\u0131\u201d, \u00a0\u201c\u0130dar O\u011flu Temr\u0131ko\u2019nun \u015eark\u0131s\u0131\u201d<\/strong> (\u0418\u0434\u0430\u0440 \u0438\u043a\u044a\u043e \u0422\u0435\u043c\u0440\u044b\u043a\u044a\u043e \u0438\u0443\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0434) ve \u201c\u015eegem Mahzeni\u201d<\/strong> (\u0428\u044d\u0434\u0436\u044d\u043c \u0438\u04481\u044b\u04421\u044b\u0440) gibileri de dahil 20 kadar halk \u015fark\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 derledi ve Adigece el yazmas\u0131 olarak yaz\u0131ya aktard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Adigece olarak yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cHohu\u201d<\/strong> (\u0425\u044a\u043e\u0445\u044a\u0443;Sayg\u0131nlama) adl\u0131 bir \u015fiirini, Adige k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bulunan bir bilgin olan A. M. \u015eegren<\/strong>\u2019e ithaf etti. Yazar 1840\u2019da Rus harfleri, 1843\u2019te de Arap-\u0130ran harfleri \u00fczerinden iki ayr\u0131 Adige alfabesi haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7biri sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    (*)<\/strong> Zaneko Seferbey-\u00d6nce bir Rus subay\u0131 idi, sonradan Rus kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir politik tav\u0131r ald\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gitmek zorunda kald\u0131. 1853-1856 K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Sefer Pa\u015fa \u00fcnvan\u0131 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00c7erkesya Askeri Valili\u011fine atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. -HCY<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    HAPİ Cevdet Yıldız Adige Dili Ve Eski Adigeler Kuzey Kafkasya halklarından biri olan Adigelerin konuştuğu dile Adigece ya da Adige dili (Адыгабзэ) denir. Adigece’nin vatanı (doğduğu yer) Kafkasya ya da Çerkesya‘dır. Adigece bilinen en eski zamanlardan beri Kafkasya’da konuşulmaktadır. Bugün Adigece Kafkasya dışında bir göçmen dil olarak Türkiye, Suriye, Ürdün, İsrail, Bulgaristan ve buralardan gitmiş 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