{"id":9195,"date":"2019-03-12T15:40:31","date_gmt":"2019-03-12T15:40:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=9195"},"modified":"2019-03-12T15:40:31","modified_gmt":"2019-03-12T15:40:31","slug":"abhazya-tarihi-erken-donem-m-o-600-m-s-650","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/abhazya-tarihi-erken-donem-m-o-600-m-s-650\/","title":{"rendered":"ABHAZYA TAR\u0130H\u0130 – ERKEN D\u00d6NEM (M.\u00d6 600\u2013M.S 650)"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Andrew Anderson<\/strong>
\n<\/span> \u00c7eviri: Yasin \u00d6nc\u00fc (\u10db\u10e1\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10eb\u10d4)
\nchveneburi.net<\/span><\/p>\n

Kafkasya uzman\u0131 antropologlar, arkeologlar ve dil bilimcilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Kafkasya tarih\u00e7ilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz G\u00fcrc\u00fclerinin atalar\u0131n\u0131n Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019den beri G\u00fcney Kafkasya ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 konusunda hemfikirdirler. Uzmanlar, k\u00f6kenleri tam olarak belli olmayan bu topluluklar\u0131, Proto\u2013Kartvelgil kabileler (\u201cKartveli\u201d kelimesi G\u00fcrc\u00fc dilinde \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc\u201d anlam\u0131na gelmektedir) olarak adland\u0131rmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

XIX.yy. Avrupal\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerin (Humboldt, Krettschmer v.s.) bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Proto\u2013Kartvelgil kabilelerin, aralar\u0131nda Etr\u00fcskler ve Proto\u2013Basklar\u2019\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en eski yerel halklar\u0131 ile dil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr olarak \u00e7ok yak\u0131n olduklar\u0131 sonucuna varm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Proto\u2013Kartvelgil kabileler, Kuzeybat\u0131\u2019da Zih kabileleri (G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Adige ve Apsua halklar\u0131n\u0131n atalar\u0131 Proto\u2013Adigeler), Kuzeydo\u011fu\u2019da Proto\u2013Nah kabileleri (G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00c7e\u00e7en ve baz\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131stan halklar\u0131n\u0131n atalar\u0131), G\u00fcney\u2019de ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu\u2019da ise Proto\u2013Ermeni ve Aramik diller konu\u015fan kabileler ile kom\u015fuydular.<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 bu \u015fekilde olan b\u00f6lge, M.\u00d6. 2100 ve M.\u00d6.750 aras\u0131nda Hititlerin, Keltlerin, Medlerin, Proto\u2013Pers kabilelerinin ve Kimmeryal\u0131lar\u0131n istilas\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zaman periyodunda, Proto\u2013Kartvelgil kabilelerin etnik birli\u011fi, Svan, Zan ve Do\u011fu\u2013Kartvelgil kabileleri olarak \u00fc\u00e7e b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc. Bu durum, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz modern Kartvelgil dillerin olu\u015fumunu sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu diller, G\u00fcrc\u00fcce (Do\u011fu leh\u00e7elerinden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.), Svanca, Megrelce ve Lazca\u2019d\u0131r. (Zan leh\u00e7elerinden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.)<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Svanlar, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Svaneti ve Abhazya topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Zanlar ise g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Samegrelo b\u00f6lgesinde, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kuzeydo\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak ve \u00c7oruh nehri aras\u0131nda, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n Guria ve \u0130mereti b\u00f6lgelerinin baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Kodori vadisinde ya\u015fayan Svanlar ve Abhazya\u2019da ya\u015fayan Megreller, Svanca ve Megrelce\u2019nin yan\u0131nda G\u00fcrc\u00fcce de konu\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve co\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n belirginle\u015fmesi, Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da gelecekte G\u00fcrc\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ve eyaletlerinin \u00e7ekirde\u011fini olu\u015fturacak iki b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6lgenin meydana gelmesi sonucunu do\u011furdu. (M.\u00d6. VIII. yy. sonu)<\/p>\n

\u0130lk G\u00fcrc\u00fc devleti Kolhi krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 idi. Bu krall\u0131k, Abhazya\u2019da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinin \u00c7oruh ve Rize b\u00f6lgelerini i\u00e7ine almaktayd\u0131. M.\u00d6. VI. yy.\u0131n ortalar\u0131na ait antik kronikler Kolhi krall\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kolhi ve \u0130berya\u2019n\u0131n etnik bile\u015fimi konusunda elimizde az bilgi mevcuttur ve kesin bilgi mevcut de\u011fildir. M.\u00d6. 2000\u2019de Kolhi\u2019nin kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda, yani bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Abhazya ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Rusya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n Krasnodar b\u00f6lgesinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde sadece Svanlar ve Zanlar\/Sanlar ya\u015fam\u0131yordu. K\u00f6kenleri hen\u00fcz tan\u0131mlanamayan Apsiller de an\u0131lan b\u00f6lgelerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kesiminde ya\u015famaktayd\u0131lar. Apsillerin, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Apsua halk\u0131n\u0131n atalar\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Fakat bu kan\u0131tlanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Apsua halk\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Abhazya\u2019da bulunan etnik gruplardan biridir ve Adige dil grubuna ait ayr\u0131 bir dil konu\u015fur. Apsiller, an\u0131lan d\u00f6nemde, Kolhi\u2019nin kuzeybat\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Abhazya\u2019s\u0131) ya\u015fayan n\u00fcfusun \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu.<\/p>\n

Antik Kolhi\u2019nin di\u011fer bir \u00f6nemli etnik grubu da Yunanl\u0131lard\u0131. M.\u00d6. 1000 ve M.\u00d6. 550 aras\u0131nda, aralar\u0131nda Naessus, Pitiys (Pitsunda), Dioscurias, Guenos, Phasis (Poti), Apsaros, Rhizos (Rize) gibi yerlerin de bulundu\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde ticaret kolonileri kuruldu. Yerel Yunanl\u0131lar, Pontik Yunanl\u0131lar olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. Etkileri k\u0131rsal kesimde k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen k\u0131y\u0131 kentlerine k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak h\u00e2kimdiler.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. 653 ve M.\u00d6. 333 aras\u0131nda Kolhi ve \u0130berya, \u00f6nce Medlerin sonra ise Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na ba\u015far\u0131yla g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs gerdi.<\/p>\n

III. yy. sonunda G\u00fcney \u0130berya, geni\u015f topraklar\u0131 bulunan Grek\u2013Makedon \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun (G\u00fcney Kafkasya, Bat\u0131 ve Orta Asya, Yunanistan, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Hindistan\u2019\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc) kurucusu B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in ordular\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Kolhi ve \u0130berya, \u0130skender\u2019in devasa imparatorlu\u011funa ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun Helenistik devletlerine d\u00e2hil olmad\u0131. Ancak, antik d\u00f6nem G\u00fcrc\u00fc krall\u0131klar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de Kolhi, antik Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden \u00e7ok fazla etkilendi. Yunan dili b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkede yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde konu\u015fuluyordu hatta bir s\u00fcre resmi dillerden biriydi.<\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. II. yy. ba\u015f\u0131 ve M.S. II. yy. sonu aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, Kolhi Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu krall\u0131\u011fa kom\u015fu \u00fclkeler, \u00f6nemli yerel g\u00fc\u00e7lerden Roma, Ermenistan ve k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc Pontus Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda meydana gelen uzun ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131n arenas\u0131 durumuna geldi.<\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. 120 ve M.\u00d6. 63 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Pontus Kral\u0131 Mithridate Eupator, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Abhazya\u2019n\u0131n \u00fczerinde bulundu\u011fu topraklar da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere Kolhi\u2019nin tamam\u0131n\u0131, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, Karadeniz\u2019in do\u011fu ve kuzey k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerini ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n

Ermeni ve Pontus koalisyonu, M.\u00d6. 187 y\u0131l\u0131ndan M.\u00d6. 70 y\u0131l\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Roma\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu Akdeniz havzas\u0131ndaki m\u00fclklerini ele ge\u00e7irerek topraklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletiyordu. Ancak Roma kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bu ittifak\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 fazla uzun s\u00fcrmedi. Pompeus ve Lucullus\u2019un parlak seferleri sonucu Pontus Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan tamamen y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Kolhi de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere bu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Abhazya\u2019s\u0131 da d\u00e2hil) Roma vilayeti oldu. Romal\u0131lar, eski Kolhi Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlediler ve ba\u015f\u0131na Romal\u0131 bir y\u00f6netici getirerek \u201cLazikum\u201d eyaletine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Roma d\u00f6nemi, \u00fclkenin dil, ekonomi ve \u00f6zellikle de k\u00fclt\u00fcr olarak daha da Helenle\u015fmesi sonucuna damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin Phasis (Poti) Grek\u2013Latin Felsefesi Akademisi, III. yy. ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda \u00e7ok ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir konuma sahip olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n (Abhazya) sonraki 600 y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihine, Roma ve Pers \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda meydana gelen uzun sava\u015flar damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmu\u015ftur. Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en imparatorluklar, Suriye, Mezopotamya, Ermenistan, Albanya (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Azerbaycan topraklar\u0131), \u0130berya ve Lazikum\u2019un \u00fczerinde bulundu\u011fu topraklar\u0131n h\u00e2kimi olmak i\u00e7in sonu gelmeyen sava\u015flar yapt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Persler \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u0130berya\u2019ya (Do\u011fu G\u00fcrcistan) sald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Persler, III. yy. sonuna kadar Roma ve daha sonra Bizans (Do\u011fu Roma) y\u00f6netiminde bulunan Lazikum (Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan) topraklar\u0131na daha az sald\u0131rd\u0131lar. III. yy. sonlar\u0131nda Roma eyaleti Lazikum daha \u00f6zerk bir hale geldi ve bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131. Yeni \u201cLazika\u2013Egrisi\u201d Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Zan, Svan, Apsil ve San prenslikleri \u00fczerinde olu\u015ftu. Bu yeni Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fc devleti 250 y\u0131ldan fazla ya\u015fad\u0131ktan sonra 562 y\u0131l\u0131nda Do\u011fu Roma (Bizans) \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na d\u00e2hil oldu. Lazika, IV. yy. ortalar\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 resmi din olarak kabul etti. Lazika, Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na d\u00e2hil olduktan sonra yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz elli y\u0131l s\u00fcren g\u00f6rece istikrarl\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem ge\u00e7irdi. Bu istikrarl\u0131 d\u00f6nem VII. yy. ba\u015flar\u0131nda Araplar\u0131n b\u00f6lgesel bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ile sona erdi.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Andrew Anderson Çeviri: Yasin Öncü (მსხალაძე) chveneburi.net Kafkasya uzmanı antropologlar, arkeologlar ve dil bilimcilerin yanı sıra Kafkasya tarihçilerinin büyük bir kısmı, günümüz Gürcülerinin atalarının Neolitik Dönem’den beri Güney Kafkasya ve Küçük Asya’nın kuzeyinde yaşadıkları konusunda hemfikirdirler. Uzmanlar, kökenleri tam olarak belli olmayan bu toplulukları, Proto–Kartvelgil kabileler (“Kartveli” kelimesi Gürcü dilinde “Gürcü” anlamına gelmektedir) olarak adlandırmaktadırlar. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9195","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tarih","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9195","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9195"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9195\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9197,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9195\/revisions\/9197"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9195"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9195"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9195"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}