![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/cc-turkiye\/z-2018-Images\/232.JPG\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Kafda\u011f\u0131 Ayl\u0131k K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Dergi<\/strong> En \u0130lkel Sosyal Yap\u0131lanma Kafkasya’da ilk insan izlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00e7ok eski tarihlere dayan\u0131r. \u00dcstelik G\u00fcney Kafkasya bir\u00e7ok tarih\u00e7iye g\u00f6re insan soyunun ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlere dek uzan\u0131r. Ancak Kafkasya’da insan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6zellikle Kuzey Kafkasya’da ki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, buzul d\u00f6nemleriyle kesintiye u\u011frar.<\/p>\n Kesintisiz olu\u015fumu son buzul d\u00f6nemin bitmesiyle M\u00d6.12000 y\u0131llar\u0131 dolaylar\u0131nda ba\u015flar. \u0130lk ba\u015fta ilkel s\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr insan topluluklar\u0131. Yiyecek toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve avc\u0131l\u0131k s\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcyelerinin kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren i\u015flerdir. Yiyecek toplama i\u015fleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan erkeklerle di\u015filer aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yoktur.Yiyecek toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k avc\u0131l\u0131k ile ya\u015fayan ilkel s\u00fcr\u00fc mutlak olarak anaerkil ve endogamiktir.<\/p>\n Klan ve Kabile \u00d6rg\u00fctlenmesinin Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 geli\u015ftik\u00e7e ve \u00fcretimdeki kazan\u0131mlar artt\u0131k\u00e7a ilkel s\u00fcr\u00fc daha geli\u015fmi\u015f bir sosyal ve ekonomik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye b\u0131rakacakt\u0131r kendini. Bu klan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesidir. Adigelerde “tlako” klan\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Klanlar egzogamiktir, yani klan (tlako) i\u00e7i evlenme yasakt\u0131r. \u0130lkel-kom\u00fcnal d\u00f6neme ili\u015fkin bu \u00f6zellik, bir \u00fcst yap\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 olarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de aram\u0131zda s\u00fcrer.<\/p>\n Kabile sisteminin en alt birimi olan klan\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6zellikleri \u015funlard\u0131r:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Klan totemiktir: <\/strong>Totemizm kabile toplumunun alt a\u015famalar\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fcsel-dini sistemdir. Kabile toplumu geli\u015ftik\u00e7e totemizm bi\u00e7imsel ve soyut bir durum ald\u0131. Adigeler’de hayvan adl\u0131 soyadlar\u0131 totemizmin \u00fcst yap\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 olabilir. Bir \u00e7ok hayvan adl\u0131 ya da hayvan \u00f6nekli tlako vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Klan egzogamiktir:<\/strong> Klan i\u00e7i evlilik yasakt\u0131r. Kabile \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi klan (tlako) i\u00e7i evlili\u011fin yasak oldu\u011fu kan ba\u011f\u0131na dayal\u0131d\u0131r. Kanba\u011f\u0131 ise \u00f6zellikle ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ana taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmektedir. Kabile toplulu\u011funa ge\u00e7i\u015fte anaerkillik bir s\u00fcre devam eder. Kafkasya’l\u0131 Kimmerler ovalarda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00e7oban kabile topluluklar\u0131 ve M\u00d6. 8. yy. da kabile i\u00e7inde ileri bir a\u015fama olan ataerkilli\u011fe ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir.E\u011fer do\u011fa ko\u015fullar\u0131 tar\u0131m\u0131, \u00f6zellikle bah\u00e7e tar\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00e7apa tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 gerektiriyorsa, kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimdeki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun bir s\u00fcre daha devam edecaktir. Kimmerler ataerkilli\u011fi ya\u015farken, ayn\u0131 federasyon i\u00e7inde olan ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Adigelerin atalar\u0131 olan Meotlar anaerkil idi. S\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z Adige toplumunun ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan Nartlar’da Setenay Gua\u015fe’nin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 anaerkil toplum yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesidir. \u0130lkel kabile toplumunda m\u00fclkiyet kollektifdir:\u00c7ok gerilerde kabile sisteminin alt a\u015famalar\u0131nda, toplulu\u011fun ya\u015famas\u0131 i\u00e7in mutlaka herkesin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gerekirken, art\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015famayacak durumda olan ya\u015fl\u0131lar \u00f6l\u00fcme terk ediliyorlard\u0131. Destana g\u00f6re Nartlar ya\u015flananlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrler ve kan g\u00fctme gelene\u011fini sert\u00e7e s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrlerdi. Daha sonra av alanlar\u0131, iklim de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, vb… hakk\u0131ndaki deneyimleri onlar\u0131 geleneksel bilginin do\u011fal depolar\u0131 durumuna getirdi\u011finde, ya\u015fl\u0131lar ekonomik bir de\u011fer kazand\u0131lar, ya\u015famalar\u0131na ve \u00fcretimden pay almalar\u0131na izin verildi. Kafkasya’da Adigeler 15-16. yy.’lara kadar, baz\u0131 da\u011fl\u0131 Kafkas halklar\u0131da 19. yy’\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar kabile yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015flard\u0131r. 19. yy’da \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin toprak payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, kabile toplumunun kollektif m\u00fclkiyeti i\u00e7in iyi bir \u00f6rnektir. Adigelerin “\u00e7\u0131pkhe” dedi\u011fi i\u015faretler tlakonun ortak m\u00fclkiyetini belirleyen i\u015faretler olsa gerek.<\/p>\n Kabile toplumu demokratiktir: <\/strong> S\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z Adige toplumuna ili\u015fkin yi\u011fitlik efsaneleri Nartlar\u0131n sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131 Adige kabile toplumu yap\u0131s\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaktad\u0131r. Nartlar’da aya\u011f\u0131na \u00e7ar\u0131k ge\u00e7irebilen herkes Khase’ye kat\u0131labilmektedir. Sefere ve sava\u015f i\u015flerine karar veren, kabileye al\u0131nacak ki\u015fileri, ordu y\u00f6neticisi (Dzep\u015f) ile ba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ecek ya da g\u00f6revden uzakla\u015ft\u0131racak olan, ba\u015fka bir soy ile birle\u015fmeye birlikte sava\u015fmaya, yak\u0131nl\u0131k kurmaya ve topra\u011f\u0131nda yerle\u015ftirmeye karar veren Khase’dir.<\/p>\n Kabile Toplumunun \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi: Feodalizmin Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 Ovalar \u00fcretimin ve \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesine daha uygundur. Ancak Kafkasyal\u0131lar, \u0130skitlerin, Sarmatlar\u0131n, Mo\u011follar\u0131n ve daha sonra \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131yla derin vadilere s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flar ve toplumsal organizasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirememi\u015flerdir. Adigeler’in 15. yy.’a dek kurabildikleri en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc politik birlikler, bir devlet tasla\u011f\u0131 olan kabileler federasyonudur. Adigeler M\u00d6. 8. yy. dolaylar\u0131nda ki Meotlar’dan, MS. 15. yy.’a kadar kabileler federasyonu bi\u00e7iminde organize olduklar\u0131ndan, geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n ortak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve politik geli\u015fim \u00e7izgisi g\u00f6steriyorlard\u0131. Kabile toplumunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi, toplumun toplam \u00fcretiminin, toplumun gerekli t\u00fcketiminden fazla olmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n 15. yy.’da Adigey’de 19. yy.’da \u00c7e\u00e7enya’da g\u00f6r\u00fclen durum budur. Ancak kabilenin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc getiren ko\u015fullar yaln\u0131z do\u011fal durumlarda \u00fcretimin artmas\u0131yla olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tesad\u00fcfi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar Adigelerin “zek’ue” dedi\u011fi ya\u011fma ak\u0131nlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Ele ge\u00e7irilen ganimet Zek’ue grubunun elemanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak bu b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm e\u015fit olarak yap\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce, grup \u015fefi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de olsa bir pay al\u0131r. Giderek bu ya\u011fma ve \u00e7apul ak\u0131nlar\u0131 sava\u015f \u015fefleri (Dzep\u015f) etraf\u0131nda az \u00e7ok istikral\u0131 askeri maiyetlerin olu\u015fmas\u0131na ve bu \u015feflerin ve maiyetlerinin, kabilenin ya da klan\u0131n di\u011fer elemanlar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha zengin bir duruma gelmelerini sa\u011flar. 1470’lerde Adigey’de bulunan \u0130talyan seyyah \u0130nteriano, worklerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131p ya\u011fma ve talanla ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yazar. Bu 15. yy.’da Adigey’de askeri aristokrasinin olu\u015ftu\u011funu ve kabile ili\u015fkilerinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Kad\u0131n, \u00e7ocuklar ve toprak \u015fefleri i\u00e7in \u00f6zel paylar\u0131n ayr\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra, ya\u011fmac\u0131lar aras\u0131nda kurayla payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu alternatif, ataerkil k\u00f6leli\u011fin “wunevut” s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumunun tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Feodal toplumda wunevut s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, ataerkil toplumdaki k\u00f6leli\u011fin kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r ve zamanla serfli\u011fe (P\u015f\u0131tl\u0131) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Do\u011fal olarak Adigey’de feodalizm geli\u015fimin tamamlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcrecide ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kafkasya’da son y\u00fczy\u0131llara kadar gelen kollektivist ekonomi, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi, saban\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, tar\u0131m tekni\u011finin geli\u015fmesiyle toplumun kendini devam ettirmesi i\u00e7in gerekli olan \u00fcretimden fazlas\u0131 elde edildi\u011finde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Klan ve kabile sava\u015flar\u0131 da feodalizmin geli\u015fimine ivme verdi. Feodalizm Adigey’de ve Kabardey’de 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, Abhazya’da 18. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k kesimlerinde 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda oval\u0131k ve da\u011fl\u0131k kesimlerinde daha \u00f6nce, \u00c7e\u00e7enya’da 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Adigey’in Sosyal Yap\u0131s\u0131 Adigeler eski d\u00f6nemlerden beri kabileler federasyonu bi\u00e7iminde \u00f6rg\u00fctlendiklerinde, \u00e7ok say\u0131da kabileye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, ortak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 ortak politik geli\u015fim \u00e7izgisi g\u00f6steriyorlard\u0131. Adigey’de ataerkil klan sistemi 15.-16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda par\u00e7alanmaya ve feodalizm geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak feodalizmin tam geli\u015fmesi 19. yy. ba\u015flar\u0131nda hen\u00fcz tamamlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O s\u0131ralarda Adigelerin ya\u015fam\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla do\u011fal ekonomi \u00fczerine kuruluydu. Yani zanaat \u00fcretiminin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, mal m\u00fcbadelesinin geli\u015fmedi\u011fi, tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131, kendi kendine yeterli kapal\u0131 ekonomi \u00fczerine kuruluydu. Kendi aralar\u0131ndaki ticaret zay\u0131ft\u0131. Ticarette para kullan\u0131lmazd\u0131. De\u011fi\u015f-toku\u015f ticareti egemen idi. B\u00fct\u00fcn kabilelerin s\u0131n\u0131fsal yap\u0131s\u0131 ayn\u0131 de\u011fildi. Feodalizmin geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeyi her kabilede ayr\u0131yd\u0131. Bunu yar\u0131-feodal ve feodal kabileler olarak iki ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ise; egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lar ve tifekotl’ler olarak \u00fc\u00e7 ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmde incelemek konuyu daha anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r k\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kabilelere G\u00f6re Egemen S\u0131n\u0131f Yar\u0131-feodal Kabileler:<\/strong> Co\u011frafi konumlar\u0131 gere\u011fi \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirememi\u015f kabilelerdir. Abzakhlar, \u015eaps\u0131\u011flar, Natuhaylar ve Vub\u0131hlar yar\u0131-feodal kabilelerdir. Bunlarda P\u015fi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 yoktur. Egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 tlekotle\u015fler ve \u00e7e\u015fitli kademe workler olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n Feodal Kabileler:<\/strong> Di\u011fer kabilelere oranla nisbeten oval\u0131k kesimde oturan, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, \u00fcretim ve \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirebilmi\u015f kabilelerdir. Bjedu\u011f, \u00c7’emguy (Kemirguey), Hatukay, Yecerkoy ve Meho\u015f’lar feodal kabileleri olu\u015fturur. Bunlarda egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 pi\u015fler ve \u00e7e\u015fitli kademe workler olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen K\u00f6yl\u00fc S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131: <\/b> Wuneutlar, p\u015fitliler ve oglard\u0131r. Tifekotl’lerin (\u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u00f6yl\u00fc) feodallere kar\u015f\u0131 baz\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131n ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n temellerini olu\u015fturan bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n konumu s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Wuneut’lar: Hi\u00e7 bir hakka sahip olmayan k\u00f6lelerdi. \u0130lk wuneutler kom\u015fu kabilelerle yap\u0131lan sava\u015flarda elde edilen kad\u0131n ve erkek esirlerdi. Daha sonraki y\u0131llarda, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden efendilerine ba\u015fkald\u0131ranlar ya da bor\u00e7lan\u0131pda borcunu \u00f6deyemeyen k\u00f6yl\u00fcler wuneut yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Feodal \u00fcretim tarz\u0131nda temel \u00fcretici p\u015fitli s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 idi. Wuneutlar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 topraklar \u00fczerinde hi\u00e7 bir hakka sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan, \u00fcretimin artmas\u0131 i\u00e7in maximum emek harc\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ancak p\u015fitli’ler \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 topraklarda azda olsa belli haklara sahiptiler. \u00dcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan azda olsa \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu nedenle wuneutlar feodalizm geli\u015ftik\u00e7e p\u015f\u0131tl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131lar. Ancak bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 1864’de tamamlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n P\u015f\u0131tl\u0131ler: <\/strong> K\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 da olsa m\u00fclkiyet ve aile haklar\u0131na sahip serflerdir. Bunlar ya kabile sava\u015flar\u0131nda topraklar\u0131na kendileriyle el konmu\u015f k\u00f6yl\u00fcler veya wuneutluktan p\u015f\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7enler, ya da y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getiremeyen, su\u00e7 i\u015fleyen h\u00fcr k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden kaynaklan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n Oglar: <\/strong> Serflikle h\u00fcr k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck aras\u0131nda bir s\u0131n\u0131fd\u0131r. Oglar\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc, \u00fcrettikleri \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir k\u0131sm\u0131na el konarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015firdi.<\/p>\n Tlfekotller: <\/b> Adigeler aras\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 tlfekotller olu\u015fturuyordu. Tlfekotl s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015fan \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131. Feodal beylere kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri hen\u00fcz zay\u0131ft\u0131. Yar\u0131-feodal kabilelerde tlfekotller, feodal kabilelere k\u0131yasla daha \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Feodalizmin geli\u015fme s\u00fcreci i\u00e7erisinde tlfekotllerin az bir k\u0131sm\u0131 varl\u0131kl\u0131lar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na t\u0131rmanm\u0131\u015f ve baz\u0131 varl\u0131kl\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc tlfekotl ailelerle, feodal beylerin feodal kurumlar\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7abalar\u0131 ile asiller al\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Feodalizmin geli\u015fti\u011fi kabilelerde geri kalan \u00e7o\u011funluk tlfekotl yava\u015f yava\u015f ataerkil-kom\u00fcnal d\u00f6nemden kalan haklar\u0131n\u0131 yitirerek feodal ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k alt\u0131na girmi\u015flerdir. \u0130lk \u00f6nceleri y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri arma\u011fan bi\u00e7iminde idi ve periyodik de\u011fildi. Ancak sonralar\u0131 periyodikle\u015fmeye ve zorunlu olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Adigey’de k\u00f6yl\u00fc reformunun yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte (1868) rant toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k tam olarak oturmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu da Adigey feodalizmini tamamlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Adigey’de reform \u00f6ncesi belli ba\u015fl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 tip feodal rant vard\u0131; angarya rant\u0131, ayn\u0131 rant ve \u00e7ok az miktarda para rant\u0131 vard\u0131. En yayg\u0131n rant angarya rant\u0131 idi. Tlfekotller adetlere g\u00f6re en fazla \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn asiller i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda idi. Anti-feodal m\u00fccadelenin, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen anti s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci m\u00fccadele ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmesi ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinin temelini tlfekotllerin olu\u015fturmas\u0131, onlar\u0131n feodal beylere kar\u015f\u0131 konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. K\u00f6yl\u00fc ayaklanmalar\u0131 sonucu toplanan halk meclislerinde feodallerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlayan kararlar bu direni\u015fin meyvelerinin g\u00f6stergesi idi.<\/p>\n 18.y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015flar\u0131 ve 19.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Adige K\u00f6yl\u00fc Hareketleri \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 verilen anti-s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci sava\u015f\u0131n ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerle \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 gere\u011fi uzla\u015fan feodallere kar\u015f\u0131 verilen anti-feodal sava\u015f\u0131n temel g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc tlfekotller olu\u015fturuyordu. Adige feodalleri ile \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fti\u011finin soyut g\u00f6stergesi Bziyuk Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019yd\u0131. Adige feodalleri ile buna kar\u015f\u0131 direnen k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck Bziyuk nehri vadisinde kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldiler.Feodal beylere, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131 bir top\u00e7u birli\u011fi ile destek verdi.(1796) K\u00f6yl\u00fcler askeri y\u00f6nden sava\u015f\u0131 kaybettiler. Ancak sava\u015f sonras\u0131, feodalizmin zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu kabilelerde tlfekotller halk meclisini toplayarak kendilerini y\u00f6netecek Star\u015fina’lar\u0131n\u0131 (Rusca bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck olan Star\u015fina, k\u00f6y y\u00f6neticisi -bir t\u00fcr muhtar- demektir. K\u00f6yl\u00fc ayaklanmar\u0131nda k\u00f6yl\u00fc liderleri genellikle Starni\u015fa’lar ve varl\u0131kl\u0131 tlfekotler olmu\u015flard\u0131r.) se\u00e7tiler ve kendi y\u00f6netimlerini kurumla\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u0130skelelerdeki al\u0131\u015f-veri\u015fi serbest b\u0131rak\u0131p t\u00fcm yarg\u0131lama yetkilerini tlfekotle\u015flerden al\u0131p starni\u015falara devrettiler. Meclisinde y\u00f6nlendiricisi olan starni\u015falar ve varl\u0131kl\u0131 tlfekotller feodal beylerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131p tlfekotllerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131lar. Beylerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak yok etmediler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu olay\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnde, starni\u015falar\u0131n ve varl\u0131kl\u0131 tlfekotllerin gelecekte feodal beylerin yerine ge\u00e7me istekleri oldu\u011fu gibi feodalizme alternatif egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olu\u015fturma istekleri de gizliydi. Bziyuk’tan sonra, Adige k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri ile feodal beyler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fki artan dozlarla devam etti. Tlfekotller \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131’na kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak ellerine alm\u0131\u015f, hen\u00fcz geli\u015fmemi\u015f feodalizmi de tasfiye etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve kendi kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Feodalizmin geli\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde ise (\u00f6rne\u011fin Bjedu\u011flar) feodal beylerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 \u00e7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcyle korunuyordu. \u00c7arl\u0131k, i\u015fbirlik\u00e7isi feodal beylerin konumunu daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeydi. \u00c7arl\u0131k destekli feodal beylerin, a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 Bjedu\u011f k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri 1856’da ba\u015f kald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Bu ayaklanman\u0131n sonunda \u00c7arl\u0131k destekli feodal beyler, ayaklananlar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r bir \u015fekilde cezaland\u0131rd\u0131lar. Adige k\u00f6yl\u00fc hareketlerinin ba\u015far\u0131 kazanmamas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni; 19.yy.’da Adigey’in sosyo-ekonomik d\u00fczeyinin geri kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndand\u0131r. Feodalizmin tam yerle\u015fmemesi, feodalizme alternatif s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, zay\u0131f \u00fcretim ve ticaretten dolay\u0131 olgunla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fc hareketlerinin taleplerini karars\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n M\u00fcridizm ve Adige K\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/p>\n <\/strong> 19. yy. ba\u015flar\u0131nda Adigey yo\u011fun k\u00f6yl\u00fc hareketlerini ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesini ya\u015farken, ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda Kuzeydo\u011fu Kafkasya, \u00f6zellikle Da\u011f\u0131stan, \u00f6nceleri dini, sonralar\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcler aras\u0131nda yay\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a askeri ve politik bir nitelik kazanan, Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n “m\u00fcridizm” ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri bir hareketle \u00e7alkalan\u0131yordu. Lenin’e g\u00f6re m\u00fcridizm “Dini k\u0131l\u0131f i\u00e7inde politik direni\u015f olu\u015fumu, yaln\u0131z Rusya’ya de\u011fil, geli\u015fimlerinin belirli bir a\u015famas\u0131nda t\u00fcm halklara \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr.” \u015eamil, m\u00fcrid hareketinin \u00f6nemli temsilcilerinden birini, Muhammed Emin’i 1848’de Adigey’e g\u00f6nderdi. M. Emin’in \u00f6\u011fretileri, ilk ba\u015flarda olumlu tepkiler ald\u0131. Zay\u0131f da olsa Adige k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin anti-feodal, anti-s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci kurumla\u015fmalar\u0131 vard\u0131. M. Emin bu kurumla\u015fmaya \u015feriat h\u00fck\u00fcmleriyle bir nitelik kazand\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u015eeriatla y\u00f6netilen bir devlet organizasyonu kurdu. Ticareti te\u015fvik etti. Dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitle \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u00f6yl\u00fclerdi. Muhammed Emin’in p\u015f\u0131lt\u0131 ve wunevutlar\u0131 vard\u0131 ve as\u0131l dayana\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirilmelerini uman k\u00f6lelerdi. Feodalizme kar\u015f\u0131 net bir tav\u0131r i\u00e7erisinde de\u011fildi. \u015eeriat yasalar\u0131 ise, hala demokratik klan gelenekleri ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle \u00e7eli\u015fiyordu. \u0130lk ba\u015flardaki k\u00f6yl\u00fc deste\u011fini yava\u015f yava\u015f kaybediyordu. 1859’da \u015eamil’in yenilgisiyle o da Ruslara teslim oldu. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn Kafdağı Aylık Kültürel Dergi (Değişik sayılardan derleme) En İlkel Sosyal Yapılanma Kafkasya’da ilk insan izlerinin ortaya çıkması çok eski tarihlere dayanır. Üstelik Güney Kafkasya birçok tarihçiye göre insan soyunun ilk ortaya çıktığı dönemlere dek uzanır. Ancak Kafkasya’da insanın varlığı, özellikle Kuzey Kafkasya’da ki varlığı, buzul dönemleriyle kesintiye uğrar. Kesintisiz oluşumu son buzul dönemin bitmesiyle MÖ.12000 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9250","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tarih","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9250","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9250"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9250\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9253,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9250\/revisions\/9253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9250"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9250"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9250"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n(De\u011fi\u015fik say\u0131lardan derleme)<\/p>\n
\n<\/b><\/p>\n
\n<\/b><\/p>\n
\n<\/b><\/p>\n
\n<\/b><\/p>\n
\n<\/b><\/p>\n
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>
\n1861’de \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019nda serflik kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, feodalizm yerini kapitalist ili\u015fkilere b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kald\u0131r\u0131lan serflikle topraks\u0131z ya da az toprakl\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda da Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mp. iskan yasalar\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131yordu. 1864’de Adigeler kesin olarak yenildi\u011finde, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri ile Rus burjuvasinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda ve \u00e7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Osmanl\u0131\u2019yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi sonucu b\u00f6lge halk\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. \u00d6zetlersek: Tarihin \u00e7ok eski d\u00f6nemlerinden beri Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkasya’da ya\u015fayan Adigeler, i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 co\u011frafi ko\u015fullar nedeniyle \u00fcretimi, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirememi\u015flerdir. Geli\u015ftirebilenler ise (Kuzey Kafkasya ovalar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Kimmer’ler M\u00d6. 8. y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kabileler federasyonu kurmu\u015flar ve di\u011fer kabileleri proto-feodal d\u00fczenle y\u00f6netmi\u015flerdir.) kuzeyden gelen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kavimlerin basks\u0131yla yokedilmi\u015fler ya da s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Da\u011fl\u0131 Adige kabileleri 15-16.y\u00fczy\u0131llara kadar klan-kabile sistemini ya\u015fatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 15-16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00fcretimin geli\u015fmesi ve klan-kabile e\u015fraf\u0131n\u0131n da art\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcne el koymas\u0131yla feodal e\u011fililer ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Feodal kurumla\u015fma yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Feodal kurumla\u015fmaya kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck direnmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve bu s\u0131ralarda \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131’n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131yla da kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. O topraklar \u00fczerinde feodal beyler ile \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131’n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n parelellik g\u00f6stermesi, feodal beylerin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019yla i\u015fbirli\u011fine gitmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu durum k\u00f6yl\u00fc m\u00fccadelesinin anti-feodal, anti-s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci kurumla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 getirmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 tamamlanamadan Adigeler topraklar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Adigeler, yar\u0131 feodal, yar\u0131 klan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, biraz da ulusal kurumla\u015fmaya ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015f ve zay\u0131f da olsa ulusal bilin\u00e7 \u00f6\u011feleri ta\u015f\u0131yan karma\u015f\u0131k bir yap\u0131yla s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131na itilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"