{"id":9281,"date":"2019-03-12T19:14:23","date_gmt":"2019-03-12T19:14:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=9281"},"modified":"2019-03-12T19:14:23","modified_gmt":"2019-03-12T19:14:23","slug":"misir-memluk-impatorlugunda-cerkesler-donemi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/misir-memluk-impatorlugunda-cerkesler-donemi\/","title":{"rendered":"MISIR MEMLUK \u0130MPATORLU\u011eU\u2019NDA \u00c7ERKESLER D\u00d6NEM\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Prof. Dr. Marcel Erdal<\/b><\/span>
\n<\/span> J. W. Goethe-\u00dcniversitesi Frankfurt\/M,\u00a0\u00a0 09. 06. 2004, 18:00, Turm-AfE 2702<\/span>
\n\u00c7eviri: Fehmi A<\/span>lt\u0131n<\/span><\/p>\n

De\u011ferli arkada\u015flar, sevgili dostlar,<\/p>\n

Bu konferansta, \u00c7erkeslerin de bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve parlak bir tarihi d\u00f6nemin yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarihin en ilgin\u00e7 ve \u00e7ok \u00f6zel bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden bahsedece\u011fim. Burada konu; M\u0131s\u0131r, Suriye, ve Filistin\u2019de y\u00fczy\u0131llarca h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren\u00a0 Memluk \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndaki\u00a0 \u00c7erkeslerin d\u00f6nemi. Memluklar\u0131n 14. ve 15. y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren \u00c7erkes-Elitleri\u00a0 nas\u0131l Araplar\u0131n b\u00f6lgesine gelmi\u015fler ve nas\u0131l mutlak hakimiyeti ele alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r? Bunu burada k\u0131saca anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131-Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri oturmakta (yerle\u015fik halk) olan \u00c7erkesler 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Pekin\u2019den Polonya\u2019ya ve Sibirya\u2019dan Iran K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ne kadar olan yerleri\u00a0 istila etmi\u015flerdi. Cengiz Han \u00f6ld\u00fckten hemen sonra \u0130mparatorluk par\u00e7alanarak birka\u00e7 devlet ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Do\u011fu-Avrupa, Bat\u0131 Sibirya bug\u00fcn ki Bat\u0131 Kazakistan ve Kuzey Kafkasya s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde Alt\u0131nordu Devleti kurulmu\u015ftu. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, G\u00fcney Kafkasya, \u0130ran ve Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgelerinde d\u00fc\u015fman devleti olarak, \u0130lhanl\u0131 devleti ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Di\u011fer taraftan \u0130lhanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131, ama Alt\u0131nordu \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile dostluk ba\u011flar\u0131 olan Memluklu Devleti vard\u0131. Memluklu \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ise, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgesinden ba\u015flay\u0131p b\u00fct\u00fcn Akdeniz\u2019in Do\u011fu b\u00f6lgesindeki \u00fclkeleri de i\u00e7ine alan ve M\u0131s\u0131r b\u00f6lgesi de dahil geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Memluk Arap\u00e7a\u2019da\u00a0 \u2019K\u00f6le\u2019\u00a0 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir; Ortado\u011fu\u2019da Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n son zamanlar\u0131na kadar \u2018K\u00f6le-Ticareti\u2019 vard\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da uzun y\u0131llar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Eyyubi Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ordusu, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan getirilen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan gen\u00e7-askerlerden olu\u015fuyordu, ayni \u015fekilde 9. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Abbasilerin de ba\u015fkent Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta bulunan ordular\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan Orta-Asya T\u00fcrlerinden olu\u015fuyordu ve de daha ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nemlerde benzeri \u015fekilde Osmanl\u0131 Elit-Birlikleri, Balkanlarda ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan ailelerden toplanarak yeti\u015ftirilen (dev\u015firme) \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan kuruluyordu. Bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, kurallar gere\u011fi (M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131kta) \u2019k\u00f6le\u2019 olarak kullan\u0131lamaz. Onun i\u00e7in M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan bir \u00e7ok halklardan \u2019k\u00f6le\u2019 olarak getirilenler vard\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin Mo\u011follar ve \u00c7inliler, Yunanlar ve Ruslar, Ermeniler ve Osetler, Lazlar ve Abazalar. Art\u0131, iki b\u00fcy\u00fck K\u00f6le-Grubu daha vard\u0131 ki, bunlar; Ukrayna, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcney-Rusya veya Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019dan\u00a0 K\u0131p\u00e7ak-T\u00fcrklerinden ve \u00c7erkeslerden getirilenlerdi.\u00a0 \u00c7ok sert ve h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket kabiliyetleri, inan\u00e7lar\u0131 ve uygun v\u00fccut yap\u0131lar\u0131, g\u00fcvenilir olmalar\u0131 ve kendilerine olan \u00f6z-g\u00fcvenlerinden dolay\u0131 T\u00fcrkler ve \u00c7erkesler en \u00e7ok tercih edilen askerlerdi.<\/p>\n

Kafkasya ve Ukrayna b\u00f6lgelerinde sosyal yasam ve ekonomik \u015fartlar o kadar a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131 (k\u00f6t\u00fcyd\u00fc) ki, aileler, vergi yerine \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 vermeyi daha uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar\u0131n bakim beslenmelerini sa\u011flayam\u0131yorlard\u0131.\u00a0 Mo\u011follarda ordular\u0131n\u0131, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ak\u0131nlarda kulland\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6ntem,\u00a0 bu y\u00f6ntemle toplad\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00f6leler ve de etnik gruplar aras\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lanlardan olu\u015fturuyorlard\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc\u00a0 toplanan k\u00f6leler say\u0131ca\u00a0 b\u00fcy\u00fck rakamlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da Memluk-K\u00f6lemenlerin ya\u015fam\u0131, geldikleri anayurtlar\u0131ndaki durumdan\u00a0 \u00e7ok daha iyiydi, nedeni ise, \u0130slam toplumu o zamanlar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en ileri toplumu durumundayd\u0131. Getirilen bu insanlar askeri kazernelerde \u0130slami kurallara g\u00f6re yeti\u015ftirildikten sonra bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inden\u00a0 bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da Elit-Asker olarak \u00f6zel\u00a0 yeti\u015ftiriliyordu. Belli bir bilgilenme s\u00fcresinden sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan bu k\u00f6lelerden \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u00f6zg\u00fcr-serbest b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yordu, ve bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inden yetenekli olanlar Memluk \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun en \u00fcst makamlar\u0131na gelebiliyordu, o y\u00fczden\u00a0 burada Memluk olabilmek olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fans say\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Asker-K\u00f6lemenlerini, yaln\u0131zca Eyyubiler taraf\u0131ndan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ve Abbasiler taraf\u0131ndan da Irak\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmedi; onlar \u00d6zbekistan\u2019da, Afganistan\u2019da ve Do\u011fu-\u0130ran\u2019daki Samanilerde ve Kuzey-Hindistan\u2019daki Guridiler\u2019de de say\u0131ca fazlas\u0131yla bulunmaktayd\u0131lar. Bu iki devlette de, Orta-Asya T\u00fcrkleri, y\u00f6netim g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ele alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131; T\u00fcrk-Elitlerinin y\u00f6netti\u011fi 1000 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gazneviler devleti ve 1200 y\u0131l\u0131nda da\u00a0 Delhi\u2019deki K\u00f6le-Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 denen sultanl\u0131k bu \u015fekilde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da ise, Memluklar 1250 ve 1260 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olduklar\u0131ndan, \u00f6nce H\u0131ristiyan Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri\u2019ni, daha sonra \u0130lhanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndan olan \u015eamanist Mo\u011follar\u0131 yenmi\u015flerdi ve bu sayede t\u00fcm \u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 korumu\u015flard\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen iki devlette oldu\u011fu gibi M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da da d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ithal edilen k\u00f6leler, devlet y\u00f6netimini ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Elit durumundaki Memluklar, yaln\u0131zca sava\u015f i\u015fleri ile u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgedeki halk ile\u00a0 kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131yorlard\u0131; devaml\u0131 yeni Memluklar\u0131 Do\u011fu-Avrupa k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerinden getiriyorlard\u0131 ve de yerli Arap halklar\u0131ndan kad\u0131nlarla evlenmiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Memluk Ordusu iki ayr\u0131 etnik gruba ait ayr\u0131\u00a0 k\u0131\u015flalar<\/strong>\u00a0 \u015feklinde organize olmu\u015ftu; K\u0131p\u00e7ak-T\u00fcrklerine ait olana Bahriya Alay\u0131<\/strong>, \u00c7erkeslere ait olana da Burciyya Alay\u0131<\/strong> diye iki k\u0131\u015fladan olu\u015fuyordu, bu k\u0131\u015fla organizesi ise;\u00a0 Sultan Kala\u2019un taraf\u0131ndan 1280 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0 kurulmu\u015ftu. Memluk Devleti\u2019nin ilk 130 y\u0131l\u0131, bu\u00a0 Memluk Devleti\u2019nin h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00fcrenin yar\u0131s\u0131na e\u015fittir ki, devlet y\u00f6netiminde bir fiil K\u0131p\u00e7ak-T\u00fcrkleri bulunuyordu. De\u011fi\u015fik askeri alaylar bir-birleri aras\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck rekabet i\u00e7indeydiler. \u00c7erkesler bu de\u011fi\u015fik alaylar i\u00e7in en \u00e7ok korkulan gruptu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar \u00e7ok h\u0131rsl\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erkeslerin giri\u015fimi bu rekabeti sona erdirdi, 1382 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7erkes-Sultan B\u00e4rkuk<\/strong> h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi ve kendisi 17 y\u0131l s\u00fcreyle y\u00f6netimde bulundu. Bu s\u0131ralarda ordu icin K\u0131p\u00e7aklardan sat\u0131n al\u0131nan-toplanan k\u00f6le say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc K\u0131p\u00e7ak-T\u00fcrklerin \u00e7o\u011fu M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmu\u015ftu. Ayr\u0131ca, bu k\u00f6lelerin toplan\u0131p sat\u0131lmas\u0131nda ve getirilmesinde en \u00f6nemli kaynak olan Alt\u0131nordu \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131, bu azalmaya, en b\u00fcy\u00fck etkenler olmu\u015ftu. Bundan b\u00f6yle yaln\u0131zca \u00c7erkes Memluklar\u0131 tercih edildi, b\u00f6ylelikle \u00c7erkes-Elit kitle g\u00fc\u00e7lendirildi. \u00c7erkesler kendi aralar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7indeydiler ve b\u00fct\u00fcn devlet g\u00f6rev yerlerini kendi halklar\u0131ndan olanlara veriyorlard\u0131. 1412 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazar Al-Kalqaschandi s\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor; \u2019kendi zaman\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn komutanlar ve askerler \u00c7erkeslerden olu\u015ftu\u011funu ve T\u00fcrklerin\u00a0 \u00e7ok az say\u0131da kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131\u2019 dile getiriyordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130lgin\u00e7 olan \u015fu ki, \u00c7erkeslerin h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerindeki sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n (krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n) halefiyet \u015fekli: Babadan o\u011fluna gecen Hanedanl\u0131k (Dynastie) \u015fekli hi\u00e7 yoktu denecek kadar azd\u0131; h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k \u00e7o\u011funlukla, H\u00fck\u00fcmdardan (Sultandan) \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kazanm\u0131\u015f (bu i\u015fe ehil) olana, ve ondan da kendisinden sonraki \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6leye ge\u00e7iyordu, yani hanedanl\u0131k pek yoktu.<\/p>\n

Memluklular 1426 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131 almalar\u0131yla askeri seferlerinde ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 duyurmu\u015flard\u0131. Fakat, Memluk \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan tehdit ediliyordu, daha sonra Memluklular\u0131n olan Elbistan, Diyarbak\u0131r gibi eyaletleri de kendi topraklar\u0131na katm\u0131\u015flar ve sonunda t\u00fcm\u00a0 \u00fclkeyi kendi topraklar\u0131na katarak i\u015fgal etmi\u015flerdi. Memluklulara d\u00fc\u015fman olan bir ba\u015fka devlet ise \u0130ran\u2019daki Safavilerdi, di\u011fer bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fc\u015fman devlet olan Portekizler ki, o zaman\u00a0 Hint-Okyanusu\u2019nda g\u00fc\u00e7 onlar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015fti ve Memluklular\u0131n elinde olan Baharat-Ticareti\u2019ni tehdit ediyorlard\u0131. 1517 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7inde Osmanl\u0131 Sultan-\u0131 Selim I. Suriye ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal ederek \u00c7erkes-Memluklu Devleti\u2019ne son vermi\u015ftir. Bundan sonrada, \u00c7erkesler, devlet y\u00f6netiminde ve ordu i\u00e7inden ki, g\u00f6revlerine 18. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00f6netiminde devam etmi\u015flerdir; bu nedenle \u00c7erkesler bir m\u00fcddet daha kendi \u00fclkelerinden (Kafkasya) acemi erler getirmi\u015flerdir ama zamanla bu ili\u015fkiler de azald\u0131 ve yava\u015f yava\u015f kayboldular. \u00c7erkeslerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ana yurtlar\u0131na geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcler, kalanlarda\u00a0 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman oldular ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131kta da kural gere\u011fi k\u00f6le s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in izleri kaybolmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bizlere \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131 olan bir ortamdan gelen bu\u00a0 konuyu, dikkatinizi vererek\u00a0 dinledi\u011finiz i\u00e7in\u00a0 sizlere te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederim.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

NOTLAR:
\n1)<\/strong> Bu seminer, tarihi s\u00fcreci uzun bir konu ama k\u0131sa \u00f6zet olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n anlat\u0131m \u015fekli d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmadan Almanca\u2019dan \u0130ngilizce\u2019ye ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye terc\u00fcme etmeye \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterdim. Sayg\u0131de\u011fer, Prof. Dr. Marcel Erdal, kendisine \u00f6zg\u00fc farkl\u0131 bir anlat\u0131m ve yaz\u0131n tarz\u0131yla bize sunmu\u015ftur, kendisine te\u015fekk\u00fcr ediyor, sayg\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131 sunuyorum.
\n2)<\/strong> M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u00c7erkesler d\u00f6neminin bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi, uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6netim \u015fekli. Zaman\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurursak, g\u00fczel \u201cdemokratik bir y\u00f6ntem\u201d<\/em><\/strong> uygulad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcze uygun olan g\u00f6rev almada \u201cliyakat\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 burada a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Adige toplumunda \u201cmakam\u201d, \u201cmertebe\u201d, \u201cunvan\u201d ve\u00a0 \u201cbey\u201d, \u201cefendi\u201d, \u201casi\u201d, \u201czalim\u201d, \u201czorba\u201d gibi \u201ciyi olan veya olmayan\u201d terimleri halk \u201clay\u0131k\u201d olana verirdi. \u0130yi anlamda olanlardan da olsa, sadece bireye verilirdi, babadan o\u011fula veya s\u00fclale boyu ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildi. Tarih boyunca b\u00fcy\u00fck istilalara u\u011fram\u0131\u015f<\/em><\/strong> olan toplumumuzun k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferleri, ba\u015fka toplumlar\u0131nda etkileri sonucu, uzun s\u00fcre erozyona u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n3)<\/strong> Adige k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile ilgili web sitelerinde yay\u0131nlayabilirsiniz, kendisinden izin al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong> Bu yaz\u0131y\u0131 yay\u0131nlayacak ve kullanacak olanlardan ricam, bizim i\u00e7in zaman ay\u0131r\u0131p emek veren bu eserin sahibi, say\u0131n Prof. Dr. Marcel Erdal\u2019\u0131n ismini belirtmek \u015fart\u0131yla kullanabilirler. Bu genel\u00a0 bir kurald\u0131r, hat\u0131rlatmam\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015fla kar\u015f\u0131layaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 umuyorum.
\nSayg\u0131 ve selamlar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prof. Dr. Marcel Erdal J. W. Goethe-Üniversitesi Frankfurt\/M,   09. 06. 2004, 18:00, Turm-AfE 2702 Çeviri: Fehmi Altın Değerli arkadaşlar, sevgili dostlar, Bu konferansta, Çerkeslerin de bir bölümünde yer aldığı ve parlak bir tarihi dönemin yazıldığı, tarihin en ilginç ve çok özel bir bölümünden bahsedeceğim. Burada konu; Mısır, Suriye, ve Filistin’de yüzyıllarca hüküm süren  Memluk İmparatorluğu’ndaki  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