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A. V. Ku\u015fhabiyev<\/b> Suriye\u2019nin kuzeyine ilk Adige gruplar\u0131 Halep Vilayeti\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 Mara\u015f Sanca\u011f\u0131 topraklar\u0131na 19.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 60\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda yerle\u015ftiler. Adigelere, s\u00fcrekli h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanan Zeytun b\u00f6lgesinin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayacak Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n jandarmas\u0131 rol\u00fc verilmi\u015fti. 1872 y\u0131l\u0131nda bine yak\u0131n Adige, Hama ve Humus \u015fehirleri civar\u0131na ve Havran Sanca\u011f\u0131 (1)<\/strong> s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki Golan Tepeleri\u2019ne yerle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n Adigelerin Suriye\u2019ye as\u0131l g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131, ba\u015fta Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Avrupa topraklar\u0131ndan olmak \u00fczere 1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131. Kafkasya\u2019dan toplu g\u00f6\u00e7 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da Adige bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Yugoslavya, Bulgaristan, Romanya, K\u0131br\u0131s ve Girit adalar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n resmi istatistiki verilerine g\u00f6re 1876\u2019da balkanlarda 150 binden fazla Adige ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Bunlardan 90 bine yak\u0131n\u0131 Bulgaristan\u2019dayd\u0131. Adigeler bu b\u00f6lgeye Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan H\u0131ristiyan halklar\u0131n ulusal-kurtulu\u015f hareketleriyle m\u00fccadele etmek amac\u0131yla yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdi. Nisan 1876\u2019da Bulgaristan\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kan ayaklanmada ve Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00fczensiz Adige s\u00fcvarileri, Osmanl\u0131 Ordusu\u2019nun en iyi birliklerinden biri olarak cephenin en s\u0131cak yerlerine at\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Aral\u0131k 1876-Ocak 1877\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019da yap\u0131lan Avrupa Devletleri Konferans\u0131\u2019nda Adigelerin Balkanlardan, \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun Asya vilayetlerine yerle\u015ftirilmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Rus Ordusu\u2019nun sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla Adigeler k\u00f6ylerini terk ettiler ve Osmanl\u0131 Ordusu\u2019nun geri \u00e7ekilen birlikleriyle birlikte yollara d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. A\u011fustos 1878\u2019de Flipopol\u2019de toplanan Rus Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Konseyi Adigeler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda evlerini terk eden b\u00fct\u00fcn M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara Bulgaristan\u2019a geri d\u00f6nebilmek hakk\u0131n\u0131n <\/em><\/strong>tan\u0131nmas\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Bu zamana kadar Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131 terk etme zaman\u0131 bulamayan Adigeler ise yerel y\u00f6netimlerin tasarrufuyla Bulgaristan Prensli\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilecekti. San Stefan ve Berlin Bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmalar\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda, Balkanlardan g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalan Adigeler sorunu bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Sadece Sultan\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r garnizonlar\u0131nda Adige d\u00fczensiz birliklerini kullanmamakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu <\/em> <\/strong>karara ba\u011fland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Adige g\u00f6\u00e7menler ikinci kez, hem bu devletler, hem de Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan bundan sonraki ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 kurmak i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hak ve garantiden mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n 1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bitmesinden sonra Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7, Terek B\u00f6lgesi, Abhazya ve Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019daki antikolonyalist ayaklanma nedeniyle iyice artt\u0131. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Suriye ve Filistin\u2019e yolland\u0131.<\/p>\n 1878 ilkbahar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak iki y\u0131l boyunca Suriye k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na d\u00fczenli olarak Balkanlardan ve Kafkasya\u2019dan gelen Adige g\u00f6\u00e7menleri ta\u015f\u0131yan Osmanl\u0131 ve Avrupa gemileri yana\u015ft\u0131. G\u00f6\u00e7 son derece zor ko\u015fullarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyordu. G\u00f6\u00e7menler k\u0131y\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra s\u00fcrekli olarak yerle\u015fecekleri bir yer verilmesini bekleyerek a\u00e7\u0131k havada yat\u0131p kalk\u0131yorlard\u0131. Binlerce Adige a\u00e7l\u0131ktan ve bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc yakalar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakmayan bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klardan \u00f6ld\u00fc. Avrupal\u0131 el\u00e7ilerin Adige g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn korkun\u00e7lu\u011funu anlatan \u00e7ok say\u0131da yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f ve yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f an\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Adigelerin Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019dan Suriye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde de olsa 20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 20\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Adigelerin yo\u011fun olarak Golan Tepelerine (2) <\/strong> Mavera-i \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019e (Trans\u00fcrd\u00fcn), Hama, Humus ve Halep kentlerinin yak\u0131nlar\u0131na yerle\u015ftiler. Kurduklar\u0131 Amman, Cera\u015f, Kuneytra ve Mumbuc k\u00f6yleri zamanla b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek kentlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. (3)<\/strong><\/p>\n Suriye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Adigelerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak belirlemek zordur. 1878-1880 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki nakilleri y\u00f6netimler taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flam bir istatistik kayd\u0131 tutulmadan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Adigelerin kendileri de istatistik kayd\u0131 tutacak durumda de\u011fildiler. \u00dcstelik Balkanlar\u2019dan ikinci g\u00f6\u00e7 d\u00f6neminde \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u015eam ve Beyrut\u2019taki Rus el\u00e7iliklerinin verilerine g\u00f6re, 1878-1880 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Suriye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Adigelerin say\u0131s\u0131 40 bin-50 bin aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. T\u00fcrkiyeli tarih\u00e7i Adige \u0130zzet Aydemir, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara dayanarak an\u0131lan d\u00f6nemde Suriye\u2019ye 70 bin kadar Adige’in yerle\u015fti\u011fini kabul etmektedir. (4)<\/strong> Suriye\u2019de sa\u011flam istatistiki veriler, Mavera-i \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019de 1920\u2019de Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci manda y\u00f6netiminin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra elde edilmi\u015ftir. 1935\u2019teki say\u0131ma g\u00f6re Suriye\u2019de 25 bin ki\u015filik n\u00fcfus olu\u015fturan 4 bin 039 Adige ailesi ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Buna g\u00f6re bir ailenin 5-8 ki\u015fiden olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Mavera-i \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019deki sekiz Adige k\u00f6y\u00fcnde ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde 9 bin ki\u015fi ya\u015f\u0131yordu; bunlardan 850\u2019si \u00c7e\u00e7en\u2019di. Filistin topraklar\u0131nda (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130srail) kurulan iki Adige k\u00f6y\u00fcnde (5)<\/strong> 30\u2019lu y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda 900 n\u00fcfus say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Y\u00f6netim, Adigelere miri <\/em><\/strong>arazi, yani devlet hazinesinden toprak verdi. Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015fu esasa g\u00f6re yap\u0131l\u0131yordu: \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan aile 70, d\u00f6rt-be\u015f ki\u015filik aile ise 130 d\u00f6n\u00fcm toprak al\u0131yordu. Suriye\u2019ye 1905\u2019te g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Anzor ailesinden Kabardey soylular\u0131 600\u2019er d\u00f6n\u00fcm toprak ald\u0131lar. Adige aileleri topraklar\u0131 daha \u00f6nce ait olduklar\u0131 toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131ftan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, (askerlik hizmeti yapmalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131) feodal askeri-t\u0131mar sistemine g\u00f6re payla\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n Adige g\u00f6\u00e7menleri yerle\u015ftirildikleri b\u00f6lgelerin ekonomik geli\u015fimine katk\u0131da bulundular. Daha geli\u015fmi\u015f tar\u0131m aletleri, tekerlekli arabalar yapmaya, ta\u015f evler ve de\u011firmenler in\u015fa etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Geleneksel tar\u0131m tekniklerini geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde uygulad\u0131lar ve dar\u0131, yulaf gibi yeni bitkiler yeti\u015ftirdiler. On y\u0131l boyunca Suriye ve Filistin\u2019de bulunan Rys bilim adam\u0131 A.Ruppin \u015funlar\u0131 yaz\u0131yor: Adigeler beraberlerinde Kafkasya\u2019dan daha geli\u015fmi\u015f tar\u0131m aletleri al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, y\u00fck arabas\u0131 (iki yekpare a\u011fa\u00e7 tekerlekli ve demir \u00e7emberli) kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, yulaf ekimini ve ev aletlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir nizam getirdiler. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkanlar; tarlalar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015flardan temizliyorlar ve hemen hepsi varl\u0131kl\u0131 say\u0131labilecek ya\u015fam d\u00fczeyine eri\u015ftiler.<\/em><\/p>\n \u0130lk g\u00fcnlerden itibaren Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi Adigeleri idari ve askeri hizmete, en ba\u015fta da polis te\u015fkilat\u0131na almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Amman\u2019da \u00e7evre sakinlerinden 300 ki\u015filik bir polis s\u00fcvari birli\u011fi olu\u015fturuldu. Ba\u015f\u0131nda Mirza Vasfi bulunuyordu. Adige polislerden olu\u015fan bunun gibi s\u00fcvari b\u00f6l\u00fckleri Kuneytra\u2019da, Halep\u2019te, Cera\u015f ve Kerak\u2019da (6)<\/strong> yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. Bu birliklere halktan vergi toplamak, ana yollar\u0131 korumak ve en ba\u015fta da h\u00fck\u00fcmete boyun e\u011fmeyen Bedevi kabileleriyle m\u00fccadele etmek gibi g\u00f6revler verilmi\u015fti. Bu kabileler d\u00fczenli ordu kurulu\u015fuyla organize oluyorlar, ustaca silah kullanan ki\u015filerle takviye ediliyorlar ve silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerin en iyi birliklerinden birini olu\u015fturuyorlard\u0131. Polis te\u015fkilat\u0131ndaki hizmet d\u00fczenli ordudaki hizmetle bir say\u0131l\u0131yordu. Adige birlikleri D\u00fcrzilerin ve \u015fehirlilerin isyanlar\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmakta kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Onlar sayesinde Bedevi kabilelerinin tar\u0131m b\u00f6lgelerine bas\u0131nlar\u0131 sona erdi ve bu kabilelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da h\u00fck\u00fcmetin itaati alt\u0131na sokuldu. \u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n Adige g\u00f6\u00e7menleri kom\u015fu halklarla m\u00fccadeleye s\u00fcr\u00fcklemek amac\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz bir \u00e7eki\u015fmeyi, arazi anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6r\u00fckledi. Adigelerin Sultan\u2019\u0131n hediyesi olarak ald\u0131klar\u0131 topraklar\u0131 Bedeviler, D\u00fcrziler, K\u00fcrtler ve Fellah Araplar kendi otlaklar\u0131 say\u0131yorlard\u0131. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler genellikle ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmad\u0131 ve tart\u0131\u015fan taraflar silaha sar\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Golan Tepeleri\u2019ne yerle\u015fen Adigeler daha ilk g\u00fcnlerde oradaki g\u00f6\u00e7ebe Bedevi Fad\u0131l kabilesinin sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131lar. \u0130lk \u00f6nce iki taraf aras\u0131nda silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma meydana geldi. Bunu Bedevilerin, Adige k\u00f6y\u00fc Mansura\u2019ya b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bask\u0131n d\u00fczenlemeleri izledi. Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi bu olaydan yararland\u0131 ve Bedevilerin \u00fczerine tenkil seferi d\u00fczenledi. Bu seferin ard\u0131ndan Adigeler, kan davas\u0131 gelene\u011fine uyarak g\u00f6\u00e7ebelere kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenlediler.<\/p>\n \u015eam\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz el\u00e7isinin raporunda 15 A\u011fustos 1881\u2019de Kuneytra yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Adigelerle Fad\u0131l kabilesi aras\u0131nda ola\u011fan \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar meydana geldi\u011fi bildiriliyor. Her iki taraftan da bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz ki\u015fi kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma, \u00f6l\u00fc ve yaral\u0131 olarak birka\u00e7 ki\u015fi kaybeden Bedevilerin geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclmesiyle sona erdi. Adigelerin de yakla\u015f\u0131k o kadar kayb\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Golan Tepeleri\u2019ndeki Adigeler ve Fad\u0131l kabilesi aras\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Zamanla da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k haldeki g\u00f6\u00e7ebe kabilelere \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flayan Adigeler bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Golan Tepeleri\u2019nden \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131yla Beni Sahr kabilesinin Mavera-i \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019e yerle\u015fen Adigeleri oradan \u00e7\u0131karma giri\u015fimleri de sona erdi. Fakat meydana gelen olaylar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda Bedevi-Adige anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan davas\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi kazand\u0131 ve uzun y\u0131llar boyunca s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00d6yle ki Adigeler taraf\u0131ndan 1878\u2019de Halep yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda kurulan Mumbuc k\u00f6y\u00fc, g\u00f6\u00e7menlere tahsis edilen topraklar \u00fczerinde hak iddia eden iki kabilenin \u2013Abu Sultan ve Beni Said- sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131. Mumbuclularla g\u00f6\u00e7ebeler aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadele 20.y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n Bedevilerle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda Adigeler sava\u015f yetene\u011fi ve silah bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011fl\u0131yorlard\u0131; fakat say\u0131 olarak onlardan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geri kal\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00dcstelik Adige k\u00f6ylerinin ayn\u0131 zamanda iki veya daha fazla kabileyle m\u00fccadele etmesi gerekiyordu. Bedevi-Adige anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131nda her iki taraf da \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fc\u015fmanca eylemlerde bulunuyorlard\u0131. G\u00f6\u00e7ebeler s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 Adigelerin tarlalar\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar ve ekinlerini \u00e7i\u011fnetiyorlard\u0131. Bazen de Adigeler bu s\u00fcr\u00fclere el koyuyorlar, su kaynaklar\u0131na Bedevileri yakla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00d6zellikle arazi anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynaklanan D\u00fcrzi-Adige \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 s\u00fcrekli ve kanl\u0131 bir hal alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. D\u00fcrziler de Bedeviler gibi eskiden beri Golan tepelerinde hak iddia ediyorlard\u0131. \u00d6nceleri D\u00fcrziler ke\u015fif hareketleriyle ve Adige k\u00f6ylerine ate\u015f etmekle yetiniyorlard\u0131. 1881 y\u0131l\u0131nda Adigeler \u00fczerine birka\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck bask\u0131n d\u00fczenlediler. Ancak bu bask\u0131nlar basanlar ad\u0131na ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131; 600 ki\u015filik D\u00fcrzi birli\u011fi Mansura k\u00f6y\u00fcne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131nda bozguna u\u011frad\u0131. Bu olaylar\u0131 Adige s\u00fcvarilerinin D\u00fcrzi b\u00f6lgelerine kar\u015f\u0131 bask\u0131nlar\u0131 izledi. D\u00fc\u015fman taraflar\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131na vard\u0131klar\u0131 1889 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar kanl\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar meydana geldi.<\/p>\n 1894\u2019de yeni bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma patlak verdi. Buna bir D\u00fcrzi grubunun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir s\u00fcr\u00fcyle yol alan Adige \u00e7iftine sald\u0131rmas\u0131 neden oldu. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda Adige kad\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Kafkas geleneklerine g\u00f6re bir kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7 say\u0131l\u0131yordu. Fakat Adige ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131 gen\u00e7lerin intikam almas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayarak su\u00e7lular\u0131n cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 talebiyle Kuneytra kaymakam\u0131na ba\u015fvurdular ve meydana gelen olay\u0131n incelenmesi i\u00e7in D\u00fcrzi \u015feyhlerine bir heyet g\u00f6nderdiler. \u015eeyhler olaydan dolay\u0131 \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fclerini belirttiler ve \u015feriat kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re kan bedelini (300 T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131) \u00f6demeye ve te\u015fhis edilmesi durumunda da su\u00e7lular\u0131 vermeye haz\u0131r olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bildirdiler. Fakat bu sadece bir taktikti. Anla\u015fma gere\u011fince Adige temsilcileri te\u015fhis i\u00e7in yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar, fakat yolu kesen D\u00fcrzilerin sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131lar. \u00c7\u0131kan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada d\u00f6rt D\u00fcrzi \u00f6ld\u00fc ve yeniden iki taraf da sava\u015fa haz\u0131rlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Havran\u2019dan L\u00fcbnan\u2019\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn D\u00fcrzi b\u00f6lgelerine acil yard\u0131m \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131yla ulaklar sal\u0131nd\u0131. Hasbeyi, Ra\u015feyi, Vadi-Acama\u2019dan D\u00fcrzilerin merkezi Mecel-\u015eems\u2019e do\u011fru hemen m\u00fcfrezeler yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. L\u00fcbnan\u2019dan para ve silah geldi. D\u00fcrzilerin sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na L\u00fcbnan valisi Naim Pa\u015fa m\u00fcdahale etmek zorunda kald\u0131 ve onun emriyle bu olayla ilgili adli soru\u015fturma a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Kuneytra kaymakam\u0131 bir jandarma m\u00fcfrezesiyle sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 durdurmak amac\u0131yla D\u00fcrzilerin yan\u0131na gitti. Fakat esir al\u0131nd\u0131 ve ancak daha \u00f6nce tutuklanan D\u00fcrzilerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Daha sonra kaymakam, \u00e7evredeki k\u00f6ylerden Adige sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Mansur\u2019a geldi. Kaymakam davay\u0131 yasalara g\u00f6re soru\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131na kesinlikle s\u00f6z vererek da\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Adigeler iktidar\u0131n temsilcisine inand\u0131lar ve da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n 24 May\u0131s g\u00fcn\u00fc sabah saat 10\u2019a do\u011fru 10 bin ki\u015fi dolaylar\u0131ndaki D\u00fcrzi ordusu Mansur\u2019a yakla\u015farak uzaktan ate\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131. Evlerin pencerelerinden ve \u00e7at\u0131lar\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131 ate\u015f a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Silah seslerine kom\u015fu k\u00f6ylerden Adigeler ko\u015fup geldiler. \u00c7arp\u0131\u015fma 14 saat kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta D\u00fcrziler k\u00f6y\u00fcn yan\u0131na kadar yakla\u015ft\u0131lar ve i\u00e7ine girmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Fakat say\u0131ca \u00fcst\u00fcn olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Adigeler taraf\u0131ndan geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fcler. Rus el\u00e7isi Balyayev\u2019in bildirdi\u011fine g\u00f6re, bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada 88 D\u00fcrzi \u00f6ld\u00fc. Adigelerin kay\u0131plar\u0131 ise 44 erkek, 4 kad\u0131n, 7 \u00e7ocuk \u00f6l\u00fc ve 4\u2019de yaral\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcn ak\u015fam\u0131 olay yerine vilayetin polis te\u015fkilat\u0131 amiri H\u00fcsrev Pa\u015fa geldi. Her iki\u00a0 taraf\u0131n liderlerini toplayarak bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 teklif etti. Ancak Adige taraf\u0131 sadece D\u00fcrzileri su\u00e7lu sayarak ve cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131nda \u0131srar ederek bunu kesinlikle reddetti. Polis amiri sadece idari makamlar taraf\u0131ndan tahkikat yap\u0131l\u0131ncaya kadar hi\u00e7bir d\u00fc\u015fmanca eyleme giri\u015filmeyece\u011fine dair s\u00f6z alabildi.<\/p>\n Adigeler, adli soru\u015fturmadan adil bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131ndan \u00fcmitleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul\u2019a y\u00fcksek unvan sahiplerine, hatta bizzat Sultan\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131na resmi makamlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yaz\u0131 (tahrirat) g\u00f6nderdiler. Yaz\u0131da Suriye Vilayeti valisi Rauf Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 D\u00fcrzileri gizlice himaye etmekle su\u00e7lad\u0131lar ve de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini talep ettiler. Sonu\u00e7ta vali ve Kuneytra kaymakam\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n Yeni Vali Osman Nuri Pa\u015fa, meselenin \u00e7abucak kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019dan gelen emri yerine getirerek kendi ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda D\u00fcrzi-Adige anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 soru\u015fturarak bir komisyon kurdu. Adigelere teklif edilen \u015fartlara g\u00f6re D\u00fcrziler Mansurlulara 1000 lira \u00f6deyecekler ve onlardan \u00f6z\u00fcr dileyeceklerdi. M\u00fctakere 9 A\u011fustos\u2019ta yap\u0131ld\u0131. Hasbeyi, Ra\u015feyi, Beka-At\u0131 ve Mecel \u015eems\u2019ten 35 D\u00fcrzi \u015feyhi Mansura\u2019ya geldiler ve \u00f6z\u00fcr dilediler.<\/p>\n Yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmaya ra\u011fmen, iki taraf da yeni bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 beklentisiyle ya\u015fad\u0131lar ve buna haz\u0131rlanmaya devam ettiler.<\/p>\n 1895 sonbahar\u0131nda yeni bir D\u00fcrzi ayaklanmas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. D\u00fcrzi ayaklanmalar\u0131 bir yandan ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k karakteri ta\u015f\u0131yor, di\u011fer yandan da H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n katledilmesi, Fellahlar\u0131n ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131 gibi haydutluk eylemlerini de i\u00e7eriyordu. Havran\u2019da de\u011fi\u015fik D\u00fcrzi b\u00f6lgelerinden sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar topland\u0131 ve say\u0131lar\u0131 10 bin ki\u015fiye ula\u015ft\u0131. Kas\u0131m ay\u0131na kadar D\u00fcrzilerin bask\u0131nlar\u0131 sonucu 9 k\u00f6y yak\u0131ld\u0131 ve masum halktan 100 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Olaylar\u0131n bu \u015fekilde geli\u015fmesi Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in askeri birlik te\u00e7hiz etmesine uygun bir vesile oldu.<\/p>\n Bu s\u0131ralarda Adigelerle D\u00fcrziler aras\u0131nda, eski d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 canland\u0131ran ve yeni \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalara neden olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar meydana geldi. 19 Kas\u0131m sabah\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 bin ki\u015filik D\u00fcrzi ordusu ikiye ayr\u0131larak Mansura k\u00f6y\u00fcne y\u00f6neldi. Bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Adigelerin \u00fczerine sald\u0131racak, di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de (Fad\u0131l Kabilesi) yan tarafa sarkacakt\u0131. Adige ve Bedevi birliklerinin genel toplam\u0131 2 bin ki\u015fiydi. Ba\u015flar\u0131nda Adige ileri gelenlerinden An\u00e7ok Ahmet Bey vard\u0131. Birle\u015fik ordu k\u00f6yden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve D\u00fcrzilerle sava\u015fa tutu\u015ftu. \u00c7arp\u0131\u015fman\u0131n en \u015fiddetli an\u0131nda Ahmet Bey \u00f6ld\u00fc ev Adige-Bedevi birlikleri geri \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Fakat o s\u0131rada ba\u015f\u0131nda Mirza Bey\u2019in bulundu\u011fu Adige polis s\u00fcvari b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yeti\u015fti ve D\u00fcrzilere h\u00fccum etti. Hemen ard\u0131ndan Beyrut\u2019tan polis birli\u011fi yeti\u015fti ve o da D\u00fcrzilerin \u00fczerine h\u00fccum etti. D\u00fcrziler sava\u015f meydan\u0131nda 400 \u00f6l\u00fc b\u0131rakarak ka\u00e7t\u0131lar. Adige ve Bedevi birlikleri D\u00fcrzileri kovalayarak D\u00fcrzi b\u00f6lgelerinin i\u00e7lerine kadar ilerlediler, merkezleri Mecel-\u015eems\u2019i yak\u0131p y\u0131kt\u0131lar. D\u00fcrzilere kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturulan orduya, ba\u015f\u0131nda Said Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu K\u00fcrt birlikleri de kat\u0131ld\u0131. Birle\u015fik ordu h\u00fccuma devam etti ve Halos, Harar, Ayne Koniye, Zehitu ve Beka Atu k\u00f6ylerini ate\u015fe verdi.<\/p>\n 20 Kas\u0131m\u2019da \u015eam\u2019dan 5\u2019inci S\u00fcvari T\u00fcmeni komutan\u0131 Nuri Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131nda 400 piyade, 200 s\u00fcvari ve iki da\u011f topundan olu\u015fan \u00f6zel g\u00f6revli bir T\u00fcrk kolordusu Havran\u2019a geldi. Onun ard\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 piyade taburuyla, 4\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc Ordu Komutan\u0131 General Memduh Pa\u015fa hareket etti. Adige-Bedevi-K\u00fcrt s\u00fcvarileri kolorduyla birle\u015ftiler. 4 ve 7 Aral\u0131kta Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleriyle D\u00fcrziler aras\u0131nda isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar meydana geldi. Ceza olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmet D\u00fcrzi b\u00f6lgelerinin \u00f6nceki \u00f6zerkli\u011fini <\/em><\/strong>kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n Suriye\u2019nin askeri tarihinde Osmanl\u0131 hizmetinde bulunan bir \u00e7ok yetenekli Adige subay\u0131n ad\u0131 ge\u00e7er. Bunlardan biri de 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Suriye\u2019de bulunan Mare\u015fal Osman Fevzi Pa\u015fa\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Suriye Vilayeti polis te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcre Adige H\u00fcsrev Pa\u015fa bulundu. Abhaz Muhammet Bek Mar\u015fan 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda Halep \u015fehri askeri komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 makam\u0131ndayd\u0131. Suriye tarihinde, Amman\u2019da bulunan Adige S\u00fcvari Birli\u011fi\u2019nin komutan\u0131 General Mirza Pa\u015fa Vasfi ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7oklar\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Suriye\u2019nin Adige b\u00f6lgelerinde de seferberlik ilan etti ve acemi erler cephelerin en s\u0131cak noktalar\u0131na g\u00f6nderildi. Adige Polis Birlikleri askeri komutanl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan Suriye\u2019deki ula\u015f\u0131m yollar\u0131n\u0131n ve yiyecek \u00fcslerinin korunmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mekke \u015eerifi H\u00fcseyin ve o\u011flu Faysal \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin destekledi\u011fi Arap isyan\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131 bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00fczerlerinde hisseden Suriye Araplar\u0131 isyan\u0131 aktif olarak desteklediler.<\/p>\n Bu b\u00f6lgedeki Adige halk\u0131 politik olarak zor bir durumda kald\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile birli\u011fe sad\u0131k kalmalar\u0131, Adigeleri T\u00fcrklerin askeri hizmetlileri olarak g\u00f6ren Araplar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanca hareketlerini art\u0131rd\u0131. Adige k\u00f6ylerinin en ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131 o zamanlar Araplarla aralar\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli olarak meydana gelen silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 hat\u0131rl\u0131yorlar. \u015eerif H\u00fcseyin\u2019in ordusu Kuzey Suriye\u2019ye geldi\u011finde, Adige kasabas\u0131 Mumbuc\u2019un yak\u0131n\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Araplar onlardan Mumbuc\u2019un y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p ya\u011fma edilmesini istediler. Arap ordusunun yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenen Adigeler, Mumbuclular\u0131n Arap isyan\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek arzusunda olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bildiren bir heyet g\u00f6nderdiler. Bu Adigelerin sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda Araplar\u0131n taraf\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk olayd\u0131. 1920\u2019de Suriye\u2019nin Frans\u0131z birlikleri taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgali ba\u015flay\u0131nca Mumbuclular Araplarla yapt\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015fmaya sad\u0131k kalarak Frans\u0131zlara kar\u015f\u0131 silahl\u0131 direni\u015f g\u00f6sterdiler. Fakat motorize birliklerle yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 kaybettiler.<\/p>\n Mavera-i \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019de de Adigeler \u0130ngiliz birliklerine kar\u015f\u0131 sert direni\u015f g\u00f6sterdiler. 1918 Mart\u0131nda General Allenbi\u2019nin 6\u2019\u0131nc\u0131 \u0130ngiliz Ordusu\u2019nun bask\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrk birlikleri geri \u00e7ekildi. Adige birlikleri \u0130ngilizlerle \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmaya girdi. Her iki taraftan verilen b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plardan sonra say\u0131 ve silah\u00e7a \u00fcst\u00fcn olan \u0130ngilizler kazand\u0131lar ve Mavera-i \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019\u00fc i\u015fgal ettiler.<\/p>\n Nisan 1920\u2019de San Remo\u2019da yap\u0131lan konferansta galip Avrupa devletleri Arap topraklar\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden kesin olarak kopard\u0131lar. Manda sistemine g\u00f6re Milletler Cemiyeti Irak ve Filistin\u2019i \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye verdi. Suriye\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 Fransa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrge idaresine ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n Adige g\u00f6\u00e7menleri Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetine boyun e\u011fmeyen topluluklarla bu \u015fekilde m\u00fccadeleye \u00e7ekildiler. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck adac\u0131klar halinde Suriye\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerine da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan Adigeler, kom\u015fu halklarla hi\u00e7 bitmeyen silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131ndan h\u00fck\u00fcmetin askeri dayana\u011f\u0131 olmak zorunda kald\u0131lar. A. V. Kuşhabiyev Adige, Kültür-Tarih Dergisi-Mıyekuape (Maykop) Sayı:3, 1991 Çeviren: Murat Papşu Kaynak: Yedi Yıldız Dergisi, 1994, Yıl:1, Sayı:4 Sayfa:18-19-20-21 Suriye’nin kuzeyine ilk Adige grupları Halep Vilayeti’ne bağlı Maraş Sancağı topraklarına 19.yüzyılın 60’lı yıllarının ortalarında yerleştiler. Adigelere, sürekli hükümete karşı ayaklanan Zeytun bölgesinin kontrolünü sağlayacak Osmanlı’nın jandarması rolü verilmişti. 1872 yılında bine yakın Adige, Hama 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\n<\/span>Adige, K\u00fclt\u00fcr-Tarih Dergisi-M\u0131yekuape (Maykop) Say\u0131:3, 1991
\n\u00c7eviren: Murat Pap\u015fu
\nKaynak: Yedi Y\u0131ld\u0131z Dergisi, 1994, Y\u0131l:1, Say\u0131:4 Sayfa:18-19-20-21<\/span><\/p>\n
\nD\u0130PNOTLAR
\n [1]<\/strong> Suriye\u2019nin g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan Havran b\u00f6lgesine 1711 ve 1860 y\u0131llar\u0131nda L\u00fcbnan\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7 eden D\u00fcrziler yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. (\u00c7.N)
\n[2]<\/strong> 1967\u2019de Golan Tepeleri\u2019nin \u0130srail taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmesiyle burada ya\u015fayan Adigeler \u015eam\u2019a ve Amerika\u2019ya yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. (\u00c7.N)
\n[3]<\/b> 19.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin eyaleti olan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Suriye ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 1.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra belirlenmi\u015ftir. Burada ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fmi\u015f k\u00f6ylerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00dcrd\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u00c7.N)
\n[4]<\/strong> Suriye Adigeleri ile ilgili bkz. Kafkasya K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Dergi-\u0130zzet Aydemir (Cilt 4 Say\u0131:15,1967)
\n[5]<\/b> Reyhaniye ve Kfar-Kama (\u00c7.N)
\n[6]<\/b> Cera\u015f ve Kerak, bug\u00fcn \u00dcrd\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indedir. (\u00c7.N)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"