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\u00d6zg\u00fcr G\u00f6kmen<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Venezuelal\u0131 maceraperest, paral\u0131 asker ve yazar Rafael de Nogales Mendez\u2019in Cuatro a\u00f1os bajo la media luna\u2019s\u0131 (1) (Hilal Alt\u0131nda D\u00f6rt Sene) 2008 ba\u015f\u0131nda, yay\u0131mlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan tam 84 sene sonra, nihayet Yaba Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 Ordusunda D\u00f6rt Y\u0131l (1915-1919) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye kazand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7eviri, Vedii \u0130lmen taraf\u0131ndan kitab\u0131n \u0130ngilizce edisyonundan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Neden orijinal ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa sad\u0131k kal\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f ve ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa eklenen tarihte tam bir senelik hata nas\u0131l yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, anlamak zor.<\/p>\n Umum\u00ee Harp\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 \u00fcniformas\u0131yla \u015eark cephesinde komuta vazifesi \u00fcstlenmi\u015f Nogales Bey\u2019in hat\u0131ralar\u0131, sundu\u011fu ilk elden tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa ra\u011fmen, \u00fcstelik Ermeni meselesi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de s\u00fcrekli g\u00fcndemdeyken, hakketti\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ilgi g\u00f6rmedi. (2) Ger\u00e7i, Murat Bardak\u00e7\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ok daha fazla ses getirmesi beklenecek Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Evrak-\u0131 Metr\u00fbkesi (Everest Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2008) \u00fczerine bile \u015fu ana dek sadece tek bir ciddi kritik (3) yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnecek olursak, de Nogales\u2019in kitab\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rmezden gelinmesine herhalde \u00e7ok da \u015fa\u015f\u0131rmamak laz\u0131m. Bu y\u00fczden, Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu\u2019nun Mavi Defter\u2019de de Nogales\u2019in kitab\u0131na dikkat \u00e7eken yaz\u0131s\u0131 (4), i\u00e7erdi\u011fi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara ra\u011fmen \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n De Nogales, enteresan ki\u015fili\u011fine, ard\u0131nda 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalar\u0131nda ya\u015fananlara dair d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 hat\u0131rat b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, 1937\u2019deki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan tam yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l unutulmaya terkedilmi\u015f bir yazar. Ne var ki bu suskunlu\u011fun \u00f6nce biyografilerle k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bug\u00fcn art\u0131k G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019dan Japonya\u2019ya kadar, T\u00fcrkiye dahil, geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyaya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n de Nogales \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor olmas\u0131, yazar ve eserleri hakk\u0131ndaki birtak\u0131m s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bertaraf etmi\u015fe benzemiyor.<\/p>\n Hilal Alt\u0131nda D\u00f6rt Sene\u2019nin s\u00f6z\u00fcmona Buenos Aires\u2019te yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi\u011fi ilk bask\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dem vuran (5) da var, kitab\u0131 k\u00fclt mertebesine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p etraf\u0131nda efsaneler imal eden de. Mesela, k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce kitab\u0131n Rus\u00e7a edisyonu yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Yuri Khachatrian, AZG Daily\u2019de, \u201cErmeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki ilk yank\u0131lan\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d olarak tan\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu kitab\u0131n, zorlu ve tuhaf bir kaderi oldu\u011funu yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kaynak g\u00f6stermeden, kitab\u0131n 1920\u2019de yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yazar\u0131n\u0131n takip edildi\u011fini, hatta can\u0131na kastedildi\u011fini, kitab\u0131n yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcm n\u00fcshalar\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131n al\u0131narak tek tek imha edildi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Kitab\u0131n ikinci bask\u0131s\u0131 da ayn\u0131 kaderi payla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bununla da bitmiyor. Khachatrian, bug\u00fcn dahi d\u00fcnya k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinde kitab\u0131n bir n\u00fcshas\u0131n\u0131 bulman\u0131n \u00e7ok zor, hatta imkans\u0131z oldu\u011funu iddia etmi\u015fti. Sadece tek bir n\u00fcsha (san\u0131r\u0131m o da ikinci edisyondan, Khachatrian\u2019\u0131n yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan pek anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131yor), \u201cBat\u0131 Ermenistan\u201ddan s\u00fcr\u00fclerek Venezuela\u2019ya yerle\u015fen \u201cErmeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tan\u0131\u011f\u0131, yurtta\u015f\u201d Mihran Kehyan taraf\u0131ndan muhafaza edilmi\u015f ve Moskova\u2019daki yay\u0131nevine de (Russkii Vestnik) bu n\u00fcsha ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (6)<\/p>\n Khachatrian\u2019\u0131n iddias\u0131n\u0131n aksine, 1920\u2019de de\u011fil, 1924\u2019te yay\u0131mlanan ilk edisyonun mevcudiyetinden, bu edisyona at\u0131fta bulunan yazarlardan (7) do\u011fru haberdar\u0131z. \u00dcstelik bu ilk edisyonun mevcudiyetini akla ilk gelebilecek \u201cd\u00fcnya k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u201d olan British Library katalo\u011funa m\u00fcracaat ederek s\u0131namak da \u00e7ok zor de\u011fil. Kald\u0131 ki ilk edisyon haricinde, sadece 1936 tarihli ikinci \u0130spanyolca edisyon de\u011fil, kitab\u0131n 1925 ve 1926 senelerinde bas\u0131lan Almanca ve \u0130ngilizce edisyonlar\u0131 da k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerde mevcuttur ve \u0130ngilizce edisyon k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce yeniden yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (8) Benzer bir \u015fekilde, kitab\u0131n \u0130spanyolca bask\u0131s\u0131 da Venezuela Bolivar Cumhuriyeti K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yenilenmi\u015f; 2006\u2019da, Kaldone G. Nweihed\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcyle, \u201cSeyahat Hikayeleri: \u0130zler ve Tan\u0131kl\u0131klar Koleksiyonu\u201d alt\u0131nda bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bask\u0131n\u0131n dijital bir n\u00fcshas\u0131 merakl\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in eri\u015filebilir durumdad\u0131r. (9)<\/p>\n Khachatrian\u2019\u0131n imal etti\u011fi, en az\u0131ndan, yay\u0131lmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulundu\u011fu efsanenin ilk k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7ok daha vahim. Kaynaktan vazge\u00e7tim, ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etti\u011fi hadiselerin ne 1924, ne de 1936\u2019daki faillerini belirtiyor. Kimdir bunlar? Yazd\u0131klar\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak Van\u2019da komutan s\u0131fat\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 \u00fcniformas\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kendisine kin duyan Ermeniler de\u011fildir herhalde. Yaz\u0131ya kitab\u0131 yeren de\u011fil, \u00f6ven bir eda hakim zira. Peki, H\u0131ristiyan olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, H\u0131ristiyan bir cemaate reva g\u00f6r\u00fclen muameleye bizzat i\u015ftirak, en az\u0131ndan tan\u0131kl\u0131k eden de Nogales\u2019in bunu anlatarak \u015fim\u015feklerini \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7ekti\u011fi G\u00fcney Amerikal\u0131 Katolikler olabilir mi bu failler? Hatta yoksa \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar m\u0131? Almanlar?.. Bilemiyoruz. Oysa, hakikaten b\u00f6yle hadiseler vuku bulduysa, faillerin, o senelerde kitab\u0131n pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015fen, yazar\u0131n can\u0131na kastedip kitab\u0131n her iki n\u00fcshas\u0131n\u0131 da toplayarak imha eden g\u00fcc\u00fcn, kimler oldu\u011funun bilgisine sahip olmak \u00e7ok \u00f6\u011fretici olabilirdi.<\/p>\n Kitab\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye maceras\u0131ndan da, tekrara d\u00fc\u015fmek pahas\u0131na, (10) bahsedelim. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Hilal Alt\u0131nda D\u00f6rt Sene \u00fczerine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve daha sonra kitap olarak da yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f y\u00fcksek lisans tezinde, (11) de Nogales\u2019in yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n can al\u0131c\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131na, elbette Ermeni meselesine dair olan k\u0131sm\u0131 kasdediyorum, her ne hikmetse hi\u00e7 temas edilmez. Daha do\u011frusu, bunlardan \u00f6yle bir bahsedilir ki (\u201cT\u00fcrk Ordusunu arkadan vuran Ermeni \u00e7etelerine ve h\u0131yanet i\u00e7indeki di\u011fer unsurlara kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nan tedbirler\u201d, \u201cs\u00f6zde Ermeni \u00f6ld\u00fcrme olaylar\u0131\u201d (12) ila ahir), de Nogales\u2019in kitab\u0131n\u0131 okumadan bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 okuyacak olanlar, de Nogales\u2019in yazd\u0131klar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda tamamen z\u0131d bir kan\u0131ya kap\u0131labilirler. Bunun, \u201cg\u00f6rmezden gelme\u201dyi kat be kat a\u015fan ba\u015fka t\u00fcr bir pratik oldu\u011funu kaydedelim. Ger\u00e7i yazar, kitab\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan alt\u0131 sene sonra bu kusuru giderir ve de Nogales\u2019in kitab\u0131nda daha \u00f6nce anmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri de k\u0131smen ele al\u0131r: \u201cErmenilere y\u00f6nelik baz\u0131 \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131n\u0131n anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u201d, \u201cinand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan uzak\u201d, \u201cabart\u0131l\u0131\u201d ve \u201cyaz\u0131lanlar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bozacak \u015fekilde aralara serpi\u015ftirilmi\u015f\u201d niteliktedir. \u201cKurmaca\u201dd\u0131r. (13) Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00fczerinden bunlar\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fe uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispata \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Kutlu\u2019ya g\u00f6re kitab\u0131n genelinde anlat\u0131lanlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu isabetli ve tutarl\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte,<\/p>\n Adeta fanatik Ermeni \u00e7evrelerin ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fckleri baz\u0131 iddialar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme amac\u0131yla yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlenimi veren ve sat\u0131r aralar\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin mahiyetini anlamak ise pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. (14)<\/p>\n Kutlu\u2019da, de Nogales\u2019in anlatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n resm\u00ee anlat\u0131yla uyu\u015fmayan b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini de\u011fersizle\u015ftirme kayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok belirgin oldu\u011fu a\u015fikar. Kutlu, bunlar\u0131, Umum\u00ee Harp\u2019ten sonra bir s\u00fcre Almanya\u2019da ya\u015fayan de Nogales\u2019in kendisini Ermeni \u00e7evrelerinden sak\u0131nmak kayg\u0131s\u0131yla ilave etmi\u015f olabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Daha diplomatik bir yorumu, kendisi de de Nogales \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f (15) Venezuela Bolivar Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Kaldone G. Nweihed’den i\u015fitmi\u015ftik:<\/p>\n Bir bakars\u0131n\u0131z, Mendez, T\u00fcrklerin sava\u015fta ne kadar hakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlat\u0131r. Bir de bakars\u0131n\u0131z dini inanc\u0131 nedeniyle Ermenilere ac\u0131yan s\u00f6ylemleri vard\u0131r. Her iki taraf i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131labilecek bir ki\u015fi olabilir. Ama ne olursa olsun Ermenilere soyk\u0131r\u0131m uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddialar\u0131na, yani Genocide (soyk\u0131r\u0131m) kelimesini kullanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bence bunu tarihe b\u0131rak\u0131p sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 kahramanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Mendez’i ele almal\u0131y\u0131z. (16)<\/p>\n Hukuk\u00e7u Nweihed\u2019in genocide kelimesinin 1944\u2019ten \u00f6nce dola\u015f\u0131mda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmemesine imkan yok elbette. Metnin \u201ckullan\u0131lmaya\u201d m\u00fcsait oldu\u011funa dair tespiti isabetli belki. (17) Gene de konu\u015furken b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i s\u0131fat\u0131yla bulundu\u011fu \u00fclkenin hassasiyetlerine \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu\u011funu varsaymak, \u00fcstelik bunu yaparken de ifrada ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek laz\u0131m. \u201cDini inanc\u0131 nedeniyle ac\u0131ma\u201d, de Nogales\u2019in yazd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, en hafif tabirle, m\u00fcbala\u011fal\u0131 bir yorum.<\/p>\n Bunu okura b\u0131rakal\u0131m. Art\u0131k nihayet T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bir edisyona sahip oldu\u011fumuza g\u00f6re, okur metni de\u011ferlendirme kabiliyetine d\u00fcne g\u00f6re daha fazla sahiptir.<\/p>\n Yaba Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, kitab\u0131 takdim ederken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131t\u0131m yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor:<\/p>\n Bu hat\u0131rat kitab\u0131 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda Buenos Aires\u2019te bir Alman yay\u0131nevinde bas\u0131ld\u0131. 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri (alt\u0131n\u0131 ben \u00e7izdim) T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye \u00e7evrilerek Hilal Alt\u0131nda D\u00f6rt Sene ad\u0131yla kaynak bro\u015f\u00fcr (ab\u00e7) olarak yay\u0131nland\u0131 ve bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, tarih\u00e7i bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerden yararland\u0131, kaynak g\u00f6sterdi. (18)<\/p>\n Bu hat\u0131rat\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 alenen talep etmi\u015f bir okur olarak, yay\u0131nevinin eme\u011fini elbette takdir ediyorum. Kendilerine m\u00fcte\u015fekkirim. Bununla birlikte, \u015fu sorular\u0131n cevab\u0131n\u0131 da \u00e7ok merak ederim: \u201c\u0130lgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmler\u201d ile kastedilen nedir, bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmler ne ile ilgilidir; kitab\u0131n hangi b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri \u00e7evrilmi\u015f? Geri kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcmler ilgisiz mi? \u00d6yleyse, ne ile ilgisiz? Kitab\u0131 kim yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f ve nihayet kaynak bro\u015f\u00fcr ne demektir?<\/p>\n Fuzuli teferruatla me\u015fgul oldu\u011fum intiba\u0131n\u0131 uyand\u0131rmadan hemen s\u00f6yleyivereyim: Bu t\u00fcrden misinformation, kendilerine atfedilen ba\u015fka yanl\u0131\u015f bilgilerin imal edilmesine ve zaman i\u00e7inde bunlara istinaden yap\u0131lan hatal\u0131, dolas\u0131yla yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 yorumlar\u0131n da silsile halinde yeniden \u00fcretimine yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. \u00d6rnek, elimizin alt\u0131nda.<\/p>\n \u00c7etino\u011flu, en ba\u015fta and\u0131\u011f\u0131m yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, de Nogales\u2019in Osmanl\u0131 Ordusunda D\u00f6rt Y\u0131l\u2019da anlatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini belirtmek i\u00e7in, \u00fc\u00e7 temel unsur s\u0131ralam\u0131\u015f. Okura, \u00f6nce yazar\u0131n sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131n kendisi i\u00e7in bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, zira onun bir paral\u0131 bir asker oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Ermeni hayran\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilave ediyor. Ve tehcirin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan itibaren ilk elden tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa sahip yetkili bir ki\u015fi oldu\u011funu belirtiyor.<\/p>\n En sonuncu nokta, tart\u0131\u015fmaya en az a\u00e7\u0131k olan\u0131, \u00c7etino\u011flu\u2019nun en isabetli yorumu. De Nolages, Van\u2019da komuta vazifesi \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir ve bu durum kay\u0131t alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. D\u00f6nemin Van Valisi Cevdet, de Nogales\u2019in Van\u2019daki rol\u00fcn\u00fc bir \u015fifreli bir telgrafla do\u011frular. (19) \u00dcstelik hat\u0131ralar\u0131nda yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131namak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Az sonra bahsedece\u011fim metin, bize kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bir okuma imkan\u0131 sunuyor. Bunun haricinde de, mesela Vahakn N. Dadrian, Nogales’in anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sahihli\u011finin, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ordu\u2019nun Alman kurmay ba\u015fkan\u0131 Felix Guse ve de Nogales\u2019in kitab\u0131n\u0131n Almanca versiyonu \u00fczerine yazm\u0131\u015f ba\u015fka bir Alman subay\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan teyit edildi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. (20)<\/p>\n \u00c7etino\u011flu\u2019nun de Nogales\u2019in Ermeniler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 tavr\u0131na dair s\u00f6yledikleri de isabetli say\u0131l\u0131r. Hem de Nogales\u2019in bu bahiste yazd\u0131klar\u0131na istinaden; hem de bu iddiay\u0131, lehte ve aleyhte, ba\u015fka de\u011ferlendirmelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak s\u0131namak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in. Mesela, pozisyonu sarih olan Gomidas Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc de ayn\u0131 kanaatte. Kitab\u0131n 2003\u2019te yay\u0131mlanan yeni \u0130ngilizce edisyonunun tan\u0131t\u0131m yaz\u0131s\u0131nda bu a\u00e7\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k belirtilmi\u015f ve de Nogales \u201canti-Ermeni\u201d olarak tasnif edilmi\u015f. (21)<\/p>\n \u0130lk nokta ise pek talihli say\u0131lmaz \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7etino\u011flu\u2019nun temel arg\u00fcman\u0131n\u0131 destekleyecek yerde zay\u0131flat\u0131yor. Zira bir insan\u0131n paral\u0131 asker olmas\u0131, o insana kendili\u011finden bir tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, nesnellik, hatta umars\u0131zl\u0131k dahi bah\u015fetmez. Bir orduda sava\u015fabilecekken, kaderin bir di\u011ferinde sava\u015fmaya s\u00fcr\u00fckledi\u011fi paral\u0131 bir asker, pekala \u00fcniformas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu orduya angaje olabilir, sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131n ideolojisini benimseyebilir. En az\u0131ndan bunun aksi ispat edilemez. De Nogales\u2019in b\u00f6yle bir angajmana sahip oldu\u011funu iddia ediyor de\u011filim. Sadece de Nogales\u2019in paral\u0131 asker olmas\u0131n\u0131n ona tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k vasf\u0131 kazand\u0131racak bir nitelik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu durumunun, hat\u0131ralar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi vurgulamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n Zaten \u00c7etino\u011flu\u2019nun ikna edicili\u011fini zedeleyen \u00e7ok daha vahim bir talihsizlikle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z. Yanl\u0131\u015f bilgi meselesine geldik. \u00c7etino\u011flu, t\u00fcm dediklerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in \u015fu iki hususu ilave etmi\u015f: Maalesef \u201chatta\u201dl\u0131k bir durum yoktur. Bilakis. \u00c7etino\u011flu, Yaba Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tan\u0131t\u0131m yaz\u0131s\u0131na itibar etmek yerine, o \u201cilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmler\u201din ne oldu\u011funu merak etmi\u015f olsayd\u0131, kendi arg\u00fcman\u0131na destek olarak and\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evirinin, Nogales\u2019e \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en m\u00fchim itiraz oldu\u011funu g\u00f6recekti. Zira 1931 senesinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7eviri, Yaba Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n iddia etti\u011fi t\u00fcrden, art\u0131k o her ne demekse, bir kaynak bro\u015f\u00fcr de\u011fil, bir ele\u015ftiri olarak yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck Erkan-\u0131 Harbiye Reisli\u011fi Onuncu \u015eubesi taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanan 76 sayfal\u0131k bu metnin \u00e7evirmeni Hakk\u0131, emekli bir yarbayd\u0131r. De Nogales\u2019in hat\u0131rat\u0131n\u0131n \u015eark dar\u00fclharekat\u0131na ait k\u0131sm\u0131 ile ilgili ciddi bir derdi vard\u0131r. Zaten habire bahsi ge\u00e7en ama ne oldu\u011fu, ne Yaba Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tan\u0131t\u0131m yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan, ne de \u00c7etino\u011flu\u2019nun kitap ele\u015ftirisinden anla\u015f\u0131labilen \u201cilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u201d, Almanca edisyondan se\u00e7ilen, \u00e7evirmenin kendisinin de i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu, \u201c\u015eark dar\u00fclharekat\u0131\u201dna dair b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerdir. Yani Ermeni meselesine dair olan b\u00f6l\u00fcmler. Bu alt\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00e7evirisinde orijinal b\u00f6l\u00fcm ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131na sad\u0131k kal\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha da vahimi, \u00e7eviride metnin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dahi riayet edilmemi\u015ftir. Velhas\u0131l kelam, metin kaynak olsun diye de\u011fil, de Nogales\u2019in \u201chakikate uymayan fikir ve m\u00fctalealar\u201d\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in, \u00e7evirmenin kendi ifadesi ile, \u201cvicdan\u00ee, mill\u00ee ve vatan\u00ee bir vazife\u201d olarak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (23) Sonunda da \u00e7evirmenin kriti\u011fi yer al\u0131r. Kitab\u0131n kapa\u011f\u0131nda Emekli Kaymakam Hakk\u0131\u2019n\u0131n vasf\u0131, zaten \u201c\u00e7eviren ve tenkid eden\u201d olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir ve kitab\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dahi bize bu risalenin \u201chasep ve nesebi kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k\u201d de Nogales\u2019e cevap vermek \u00fczere haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. (24)<\/p>\n Bu durumu, 1931 tarihli bu metne g\u00f6zatan ba\u015fkalar\u0131 da kaydediyor. Mesela Johann Strauss, Kaymakam Hakk\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7eviri ve tenkidini, Nogales\u2019in kitab\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ciddi bir tepki olarak an\u0131yor. (25) Kendi ad\u0131ma, Nogales\u2019in hat\u0131rat\u0131nda bir insanl\u0131k durumunu, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir trajediyi kaydetti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Bunlar\u0131, de Nogales\u2019in bu hat\u0131rat\u0131 neden kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zeterek, o d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fananlar\u0131 anlayabilmek i\u00e7in okumak icap eder; hat\u0131ralar\u0131n hangi \u201ctaraf\u201d\u0131n tezini destekledi\u011fini g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil. Anlat\u0131lanlar\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi ve bunlar\u0131n \u00f6nemi ise ancak kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 okumalarla (26) s\u0131nanabilir ve vurgulanabilir, ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc de\u011fil.<\/p>\n D\u0130PNOTLAR: Özgür Gökmen Venezuelalı maceraperest, paralı asker ve yazar Rafael de Nogales Mendez’in Cuatro años bajo la media luna’sı (1) (Hilal Altında Dört Sene) 2008 başında, yayımlanışın ardından tam 84 sene sonra, nihayet Yaba Yayınları tarafından Osmanlı Ordusunda Dört Yıl (1915-1919) başlığı ile Türkçe’ye kazandırıldı. Çeviri, Vedii İlmen tarafından kitabın İngilizce edisyonundan yapılmış. Neden orijinal başlığa […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[126],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9512","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aydin-adige-abhaz-gencligi","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9512","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9512"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9512\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17375,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9512\/revisions\/17375"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9512"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9512"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9512"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nNogales\u2019in Hat\u0131rat\u2019\u0131 ittihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yazd\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin herhangi bir itiraz sesinin de gelmemesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli bir nitelik kazanmaktad\u0131r. Hatta ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye de \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. (22)<\/p>\n
\nDolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Kaymakam Hakk\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ancak de Nogales\u2019in hat\u0131ralar\u0131nda anlatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131namak i\u00e7in anmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr, bu hat\u0131ratta anlat\u0131lar\u0131n ge\u00e7erli\u011fini ko\u015fulsuz olarak destekleyen bir metin olarak de\u011fil.<\/p>\n
\n1) <\/strong>Rafael de Nogales M\u00e9ndez, Cuatro a\u00f1os bajo la media luna: Su diario e impresiones durante la Guerra Mundial en los diversos frentes de Europa y Asia (Madrid, Berlin, Buenos Aires: Editora Internacional, 1924).
\n2)<\/strong> Benim dikkatsizli\u011fim olabilir elbette. Fakat kitab\u0131n yay\u0131m tarihinden bu yana ge\u00e7en bir seneyi a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcrede, Birol Bi\u00e7er\u2019in, Yeni Akt\u00fcel\u2019de 154 (2008), \u201c\u2019Yabanc\u0131\u2019 G\u00f6z\u00fcnden Tehcir ve K\u0131y\u0131m Manzaralar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 haricinde bir yaz\u0131ya denk gelmedim.
\n3) <\/strong>Cemil Ko\u00e7ak, \u201cTalat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Evrak\u0131 ve Murat Bardak\u00e7\u0131\u201d, Toplumsal Tarih 182 (2009): 30-35.
\n4) <\/strong>Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu, \u201cBir Osmanl\u0131 Komutan\u0131n\u0131n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m G\u00fcncesi\u201d, Mavi Defter (http:\/\/getir.net\/d7d), 15 Mart 2009 (Eri\u015fim tarihi 15 Nisan 2009); ard\u0131ndan, Birikim G\u00fcncel (http:\/\/getir.net\/d7e), 9 Nisan 2009.
\n5) <\/strong>I. Tomoko Asomura, \u201cRafael Nogales M\u00e9ndez beneath the Crescent 1915-1918: Ethnic Questions in the Ottoman Empire during the World War I witnessed by a Latin American Officer\u201d, Ad honorem Josef Poli\u0161ensk\u00fd, 1915-2001 i\u00e7inde (Olomouc: Palack\u00fd \u00dcniversitesi, 2007).
\n6) <\/strong>\u201cRafael de Nogales Mendes and We\u201d, AZG Armenian Daily (http:\/\/getir.net\/3zj), 19 Nisan 2007 (Eri\u015fim tarihi 15 Nisan 2009).
\n7) <\/strong>Bir uzaktan, bir yak\u0131ndan iki \u00f6rnek: Jasmina J\u00e4ckel de Aldana, \u201c\u00bfDel Aventurero Trotamundos Al H\u00e9roe Nacional Venezolano?\u201d, Estudios de Asia y \u00c1frica 35: 1 (2000): 101-130; Mehmet Necati Kutlu, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Hilalinin Alt\u0131nda Bir Venezuelal\u0131 ve Anlat\u0131lar\u0131nda Yer Alan 1915 Y\u0131l\u0131 Olaylar\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Baz\u0131 De\u011ferlendirmeler\u201d, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi 46: 2 (2006): 163-179.
\n8) <\/strong>Cuatro a\u00f1os bajo la media luna: Su diario e impresiones durante la guerra mundial en los diversos frentes de Europa y Asia, 2da edici\u00f3n (Caracas: Casa de Especialidades, 1936); Vier Jahre unter dem Halbmond: Erinnerungen aus dem Weltkriege (Berlin: R. Hobbing, 1925); Four Years Beneath the Crescent (New York, Londra: Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons, 1926) ve Four Years Beneath the Crescent (Londra: Sterndale Classics, 2003).
\n9) <\/strong>Rafael de Nogales M\u00e9ndez, Cuatro a\u00f1os bajo la media luna (Caracas: Fundaci\u00f3n Editorial el perro y la rana, 2006). (http:\/\/getir.net\/5ff)
\n10) <\/strong>\u00d6zg\u00fcr G\u00f6kmen, \u201cUnutulmu\u015f Bir Risaleyi Hat\u0131rlamak: Hilal Alt\u0131nda D\u00f6rt Sene ve Buna Ait Bir Cevap\u201d, Toplumsal Tarih 143 (2005): 42-49.
\n11) <\/strong>Mehmet Necati Kutlu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Bir Gezgin \u015e\u00f6valye Nogales M\u00e9ndez (\u0130stanbul: Genda\u015f K\u00fclt\u00fcr, 2000).
\n12) <\/strong>Kutlu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Bir Gezgin \u015e\u00f6valye Nogales M\u00e9ndez, 35, 74.
\n13) <\/strong>Kutlu, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Hilalinin Alt\u0131nda Bir Venezuelal\u0131\u201d, 169-178, burada 171.
\n14) <\/strong>Kutlu, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Hilalinin Alt\u0131nda Bir Venezuelal\u0131\u201d, 178.
\n15) <\/strong>Kaldone G. Nweihed, The World of Venezuelan Nogales Bey \/ Venezuelal\u0131 Nogales Bey\u2019in D\u00fcnyas\u0131 (Ankara: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Venezuela Bolivar Cumhuriyeti B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2005).
\n16) <\/strong>Ali Obuz, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Saflar\u0131nda Venezuelal\u0131\u201d, Bug\u00fcn, 08 May\u0131s 2006.
\n17) <\/strong>Mesela, Nweihed\u2019le yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir m\u00fclakat\u0131 haberle\u015ftiren Adem Yavuz Arslan, Nogales\u2019in hat\u0131rat\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rmek istedi\u011fi taraf\u0131n\u0131 nakleder: \u201c[\u2026] Mendez, Osmanl\u0131 ordusundan firar eden Ermeni k\u00f6kenlilerin T\u00fcrk k\u00f6ylerini yak\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 da birinci elden anlat\u0131r. Hatta Ermeni kaynaklar\u0131 Nogalez Mendez\u2019i \u2018Ermeni Kasab\u0131\u2019 olarak tan\u0131mlar. H\u0131ristiyan olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman saflar\u0131nda dinda\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131r.\u201d Bkz. \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Satran\u00e7 Tahtas\u0131n\u0131n \u015eah\u0131\u201d, Aksiyon 518 (2004).
\n18) <\/strong>http:\/\/www.yabaedebiyat.com (Eri\u015fim tarihi 15 Nisan 2009).
\n19) <\/strong>Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi 34 (1985): 41\u2019den aktaran Vahakn N. Dadrian, \u201cThe Armenian Question and the Wartime Fate of the Armenians as Documented by the Officials of the Ottoman Empire\u2019s World War I Allies: Germany and Austria-Hungary\u201d, International Journal of Middle East Studies 34: 1 (2002): 59-85, burada 82, dipnot 59.
\n20) <\/strong>Felix Guse, Die Kaukasusfront im Weltkrieg (Leipzig: Koehler and Amelang, 1940), 62, dipnot 1 ile G\u00f6ttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen 1 (1931): 18\u2019den aktaran Dadrian, \u201cThe Armenian Question and the Wartime Fate of the Armenians\u201d; 68 ve 82, 58. dipnot.
\n21) <\/strong>http:\/\/www.gomidas.org\/books\/nogales.htm (Eri\u015fim tarihi 15 Nisan 2009).
\n22) <\/strong>\u00c7etino\u011flu, \u201cBir Osmanl\u0131 Komutan\u0131n\u0131n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m G\u00fcncesi\u201d.
\n23) <\/strong>K\u0131sa bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in: G\u00f6kmen, \u201cUnutulmu\u015f Bir Risaleyi Hat\u0131rlamak\u201d.
\n24) <\/strong>Rafael de N\u00f6galis, Hilal Alt\u0131nda D\u00f6rt Sene ve Buna Ait Bir Cevap, \u00e7eviren ve tenkit eden Kaymakam Hakk\u0131 (\u0130stanbul: Asker\u00ee Matbaa, 1931).
\n25) <\/strong>\u201cThe Disintegration of Ottoman Rule in the Syrian Territories as Viewed by German Observers\u201d, The Syrian Land: Processes of Integration and Fragmentation: Bil\u0101d al-Sh\u0101m from the 18th to the 20th Century i\u00e7inde, derleyenler, Thomas Philipp ve Birgit Sch\u00e4bler (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998), 307-329, burada 312. Strauss da, de Aldana gibi Cuatro a\u00f1os bajo la media luna\u2019n\u0131n 1924 edisyonunu kullananlardan. Almanca edisyonun k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve az \u00e7ok g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f (sanitized, esasen, \u201cay\u0131klan\u0131p temizlenmi\u015f\u201d diye okumak laz\u0131m) oldu\u011funu da kaydediyor.
\n26) <\/strong>Son d\u00f6nemdeki en iyi \u00f6rneklerden biri i\u00e7in bkz. Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing (Cambridge ve New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 111-179<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"